Transcript Introduction to Economics

Information Systems:
Hardware and Software
Lecture Outlines Packet #2
FREC 135
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Binary Codes
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How Computers Compute (Represent Data
and Instructions)
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Units of Measure
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Bit (0 or 1)
Byte (8 bits)
Word (multiple bytes)
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Decimal Numbers System
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Binary Number System
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Major Codes – ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Hardware
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The System Unit
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“the box” - can take many forms – desk top (horizontal / vertical), laptop, notebook, net book,
etc.
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Tablets and Readers
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
The System Board or Mother Board
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Central Processing Unit (CPU) – a microprocessor
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Control Unit
Arithmetic / Logic Unit (ALU)
Characteristics
• Word Size - 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 bit microprocessors
• From Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)
• In computing, word is a term for the natural unit of data used by a particular
processor design. A word is basically a fixed sized group of bits that are
handled as a unit by the instruction set and/or hardware of the processor. The
number of bits in a word (the word size, word width, or word length) is an
important characteristic of a specific processor design or computer
architecture.
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
– Clock Rate (speed) - more cycles of the system clock per second, more operations
per second
• From Webopedia (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/clock_speed.html)
• Clock Rate is the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. Every computer
contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and
synchronizes all the various computer components. The faster the clock, the more
instructions the CPU can execute per second. Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz
(MHz) or gigahertz ((GHz).
– Technology started with Intel 4004 in 1970
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor
– 2300 transistors (or switches)
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Times Change!
WSJ, 1995
Itanium Chip
World's First 2-Billion Transistor Microprocessor (by Intel)
http://www.intel.com/technology/architecture-silicon/2billion.htm
October 2010
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Times Change Quickly!
• From Wikipedia –
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Dual-Core Processors
WSJ, April 2006
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
CPU and Primary Storage (continued)
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Clock - provides timing signals (cycles) for CPU
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Expansion Slots and Boards (Adapters, Cards) - allow the capacity and
capabilities of the system to be expanded
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Buses (Bus Lines) - pathways that connect the CPU to other parts of the
system
– Three major Types: Data, Control and Address Bus
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Data, Control and Address Busses
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
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Ports - socket to allow peripheral devices (printers, monitors, mouse, etc.) to
be connected to the system
– Parallel
– Serial
– USB, USB2
– Firewire
– Ethernet
– SCSI
– Key Board, Mouse, Microphone, Earphones, etc.
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
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Primary (main, internal, working) Memory
– consists of circuits on silicon chips; used to store data, instructions (software),
information, etc.
– Major types of primary memory -
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RAM (random access memory): user’s “work space”
– Early micros had 64 K(ilo or 1,000) bytes of ram
– Today, multiple Gigs(Giga or billions) bytes is typical.
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ROM (read only memory) – programmed “at the factory” with internal instructions
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Other types of memory: registers, buffers, cache memory
Power Supply
– May be internal or external (AC Adapter)
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Input Devices
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Purpose of Input Devices
– Used to convert human readable, visible, audible materials into machine readable
binary form (0’s and 1’s)
– Choice depend on materials to be used
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Keyboards
– Most popular with many forms – traditional, flexible, ergonomic, wireless or cable,
small (for PDS), etc.
– QWERTY key arrangement is traditional - hold over from type writers
– Data is transcribed or typed
– New developments occurring every day.
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Pointing Devices
– Mouse
– Touch Screen
– Light Pen
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Input Devices (continued)
– Scanning Devices
• Optical Scanners – Flatbed and Portable
– Used in airports (scan passport) and ATM (currency changer)
• Card Readers – Magnetic card and Radio Frequency
• Bar Code Readers – Wand or Platform
• Character and Mark Recognition
– Magnetic-ink Character Recognition (MICR)
– Optical-character Recognition (OCR)
– Optical-mark Recognition (OMR)
– Image Capturing Devices
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Digital Cameras
Cell Phone and Computer Cameras
Digital Video Cameras – Webcams
Digitizing Devices – record drawings, maps, hand writing
– Audio Input Devices – convert speech to digital form
• Combine with software to form “voice recognition system” – user can speak to computer;
either limited commands or dictation
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Output Devices
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Purpose of Output Devices
– convert machine-readable form (0s and 1s) to human-readable data (letters,
numbers, etc.)
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Types of Output Devices
– Soft Copy - Monitors, Audio Output
– Hard Copy - Printers
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Monitors
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Types of Monitors
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – See Next Slide
Flat Panel Displays (Desktop and Portables)
Other Specialized Monitors
• E-book Readers
• Data Projectors
• High-Definition TV (HDTV)
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
– Characteristics of Monitors
• Size
• Resolution
• Expense
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Output Devices (continued)
– Graphics “Standards” – combination of hardware and software; determines number
of colors and resolution
• Super Video Graphics Array (VGA)
• Extended Graphics Array (XGA)
• Super XGA Ultra XGA
– Trends in Monitors
• Smaller “foot print” (flat panels), higher resolution, more portable and cheaper/quality
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Printers
– Characteristics
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Speed – pages per minute versus characters
Print Resolution - fonts, sizes, etc. (see next slide)
Memory
Portability
Expense
– Popular Types of Printers
• Ink-Jet
• Laser Thermal
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Print Types
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Output Devices (continued)
– Other Types of Printers
• Dot-matrix Printers
• Photo Printers
• Plotters - used for drawings, charts, maps, etc.
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Audio Output Devices
– Speakers
– Headphones
– CD Players
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Combination Input and Output Devices
– Fax Machines
– Multifunction Devices (printer, scanner, copier, fax)
– Internet Telephony
– Terminals (dumb, intelligent, network and Internet)
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Output Devices (continued)
• Specialized Output Devices
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
“Must Have” Output Devices
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Printing on the Go!
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Secondary Storage
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Purpose of Secondary Storage Devices
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allow for permanent (!) storage of data, instructions, etc.
– choice depends on what is being stored
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Secondary (External) Storage Concepts
– Permanent versus Temporary Storage
– Sequential vs. Direct or Random Access
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Important Characteristics
– Capacity
– Access Speed
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
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Forms of Secondary Storage
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Floppy Disks
Hard Disks
Optical Disks
Magnetic Tape
Solid State Storage – memory cards and USB drives
– All have advantages and disadvantages.
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Software
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Definition of Software (Programs)
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Major Types of Software
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step-by-step instructions that tell the computer system what to do; converts data into
information
System Software – “deals with the physical complexities of the hardware” and software.
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Consists of: utilities (service programs), device drivers, language translators, language translators and
operating systems.
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Most important is the operating system – manages resources of the system, provides user interface with
application software and hardware, and runs application programs.
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Major Types – Windows 95, 98, ME, 2000, XP, Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 (many versions)
– Mac OS, Version 10
– Unix
– Linux
All have advantages and all have disadvantages.
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Software (continued)
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Application Software - written for a specific task; can be packaged or custom
written; sources include: commercial, public domain, shareware
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Common Features – windows, menus, toolbars, help, etc.
– Major Types of “Basic” Applications –
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Browsers – Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox
Word Processors - WordPerfect, Word
Worksheets / Spreadsheets - Lotus, Excel
Presentation Graphics – Powerpoint
Database Management Systems – Access
Art or Image Graphics – Publisher, Photoshop, etc.
Web Authoring – FrontPage, NVU, Dreamweaver, etc.
Personal Information Managers (PIMs) – Outlook, Organizer
Statistical Software – JMP
Geographic Information Systems - GIS
Software Suites (Microsoft Office 20XX, Open Office) - some or all of the above
packaged together
• Integrated Packages (Works) – less powerful, but cheaper
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Software (continued)
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“Advanced” Applications – many, many!
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Multimedia
Web Authoring
Advanced Graphics
Virtual Reality
Artificial Intelligence
Project Management
??
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Summary
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Hardware and Software are critical parts of a modern information system.
For microcomputer systems, both have improved in many ways (cheaper, easier to use,
more capabilities, etc.) over the last 25 years.
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Lecture Sources: O’Leary , Computing Essentials - 2008, 2008 and Miscellaneous
Personal Materials.
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis
Course Summary
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Purpose: To enhance students' computer competency, i.e., their knowledge about computers and
their ability to use computers to produce and manage information necessary to make decisions and
solve problems in their student and professional lives.
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Objectives: Provide student a basis for using computers and other electronic resources at the
University of Delaware.
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Expand students' knowledge about computer technology and how it impacts society and them as
students and future professionals.
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Provide a working knowledge of software available for collecting, organizing, analyzing and
presenting data in the agricultural and natural resource sciences.
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Summary: Course carries you a little farther “down the road” of computer knowledge and,
hopefully, instills an appreciation for the ever evolving technology.
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The rest of the “trip” is up to you!
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Thank you for your attendance and participation.
FREC 135 – Introduction to Data Analysis