Transcript 슬라이드 1 - Korea Univ. - User Interface Lab. Homepage

Jonathan Grudin
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Preamble : History in a Time of Rapid Obsolescene
Human-Tool Interaction at the Dawn of Computing
1945-1955 : Managing Vacuum Tubes
1955-1965 : Transistors, New Vistas
1965-1980 : HCI Before Personal Computer
1980-1985 : Discretionary Use Comes into Focus
1985-1995 : Graphical User Interfaces Succeed
1995-2005 : The Internet Era Arrives
Looking Back : Cultures and Bridges
Looking Ahead : Trajectories
Conclusion : The Next Generation
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The typewriter is a species on its last legs.
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Why study the history of HCI?
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Point out possible trends and trajectories that you might
download into your crystal balls.
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Definitions
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HCI
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CHI
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Human Factors
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Ergonomics
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IS
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IT
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Engineering psychology was born during the war.
American aviation psychologists created the HFS.
Early tool use was not discretionary.
Three roles in early computing
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Management, programming, operation
ENIAC
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First general-purpose electronic computer in 1946
10 feet tall, 1,000 square feet
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Major strides were reducing
the time spent replaciong or
resetting vacuum tubes.
“Knobs and dials”, human factors
or ergonomics approaches
One computer operator could do
work that previously required a team.
Grace Hopper
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Improve programmers’ interfaces
“freeing mathematicians to do mathematics”
⇒ today’s usability goal of freeing users to do their work
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Supporting Operators : The First Systematic HCI Research
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Computers ⇔ cards, tape
Improving the design of buttons, switches, and displays was natural
extension of human factors/ergonomics.
Brian Shackel : 1959, “Ergonomics for computers”
The HFS formed in 1957.
Transistor
Transistor computer
EMIac computer
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Visions and Demonstrations
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Vannevar Bush and the MEMEX
 In 1945, “As We May Think”
 “New form of encyclopidias will appear,
ready made with a mesh of associative trails, …”
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J.C.R. Licklider
 “man-machine symbiosis” in 1960
 “At present, however, there are no man-computer symbioses…”
 The computer as “ a fast information-retrieval and data-processing machine”
 “on-line man-computer communication”
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John McCarthy, Christopher Strachey, Wesley Clark
 Timesharing allowed several of simultaneous users at terminals.
John McCarthy
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TX-0 at MIT ($10 M)
Ivan Sutherland and Computer Graphics
 Sketchpad, Iconic Representations
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Douglas Engelbart, augmenting human intellect
 In 1963, “a conceptual framework for
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the augmentation of man’s intellect”
Wordprocessing, mouth, …
Ted Nelson’s vision of interconnectedness
 In 1960, “hypertext”
 In 1965, “ A file structure for the complex,
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the changing, and the indeterminate”
Project Xanudu
Conclusion : Vision, Demos, and Widespread Use
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The inspiring vision, demoing the vision in working prototypes, and
the evolution of widespread practices -> modern PC
“truly a computer with which an individual could interact”
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Human Factors and Ergonomics Embraces Computers
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In 1969, Human factors , I. J. of Man-Machine Studies
In 1973, “Design of Man-Machine Dialogues”
In 1980, 3 significant HF&E books were published.
 2 on VDT design, 1 on general guidelines
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Information Systems
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IBM system/360
IN 1967, Management Science, “Information Systems in Management
Science”
HCI as one of five major research streams
Programming : Subject of Study, Source of Change
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The Psychology of Computer Programming, Software Psychology
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) : computing
Human Sciences and Advanced Technology (HUSAT) : ergonomics
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Computer Science : A New Discipline
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Computer Graphics : realism and interaction
DEC PDP-1
Xerox Alto
※ Application was not quite at hand.
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Artificial Intelligence : winter follows summer
 Late 60s – early 70s AI burst onto the scene. -> It did not go as expected.
 AI research has influenced HCI.
 AI did not come into focus in HCI, and AL researchers have shown limited
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interest in HCI.
Only Newell and Simon studied human behavior.
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Discretion in Computer Use
Minicomputers and Office Automation
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The Formation of ACM SIGCHI : Human aspects of computing
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HFS cosponsored CHI conference. CHI focused on novice use.
CHI and Human Factors Diverge
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A mini could support a small group(or office) with file sharing, applications
such as word processing, spreadsheets, and e-mail.
OA/OIS led important emerging issues – hypertext, computer-mediated
communication, collaboration support
Cognitive eng., usability eng. were adopted.
Donald Norman applied eng. techniques to discretionary use.
Workstations and Another AI Summer : early 80s
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Neural nets, Production systems
Intelligent knowledge-based systems,
expert system, machine learning, …
Language processing, Knowledge engineering
AI interaction with CHI was limited.
Xerox Star
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CHI Embraces Computer Science
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HF&E Maintains a Nondiscretionary Use Focus
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Governmental concerns and initiatives -> focused on skilled use
IS Extends Its Range
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HCI had focused on expert use -> first-time use
HCI became part of curriculum of many CS departments
In 1994, Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
Business graphics was important in a research field focused on managerial use.
IS contribution to research in Computer Supported Cooperative Work(CSCW)
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) <-> CHI
: Utility <-> Usability
Collaboration Support : OIS Gives Way to CSCW
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Network : individual -> groups
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The Formation of AIS SIGHCI
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HF&E Embraces Cognitive Approaches
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The Web had a more dramatic effect on IS research.
In 2001, Association for Information Systems established SIGHCI.
Senior HF researchers disliked cognitive approaches.
In 1996, cognitive engineering and decision making -> New tech. group
In 2005, human performance modeling would be a new technical group in
HFES. -> still focused on nondiscretionary use
HCI issues now appear in most branches of HFs.
CHI Evolves, Embraces Design
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New technologies have raised new issues.
Web is like a new land mass.
Funology : aesthetic
Donald Norman : cognitive engineering, user satisfaction functions
Website design : brandology
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Effects of Varying Discretion
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HF&E and IS arose before discretionary hands-on use
HF&E : rigorously experimental
IS : theory-oriented
CHI : require confirmation in real-world settings,
talk about their experiences rather than doing research
Academic, Linguistic, and Generational Cultures
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Academis
 HF&E, IS : journals
 CHI : conference proceedings
Linguistic
 Operators, users end users
 Task analysis <-> cognitive decomposition
 Implementation <-> development
Generational cultures
 Government contracting <-> commercial software development
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Discretion – Now You See It, Now You Don’t
Ubiquitous Computing, Invisible HCI?
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Human Factors and Ergonomics : technology use is stressed
Information System : web portals and business-to-business
Computer-Human Interaction : new conferences
Information Science : will be a significant player in HCI
New generation will change everything again.
HCI is still in its early days.