Transcript Memristors by Quantum Mechanics

QED v LED
Thomas Prevenslik
QED Radiations
Discovery Bay, Hong Kong
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Introduction
In 2014, LED lighting at VIS levels
received Nobel Prize
But extending LEDs to UV-C disinfection applications
may be difficult.
The EQE of UV-C LEDs is a few percent compared to
40-50% in UV-A LEDs
EQE = external quantum efficiency
Chip manufacturing is thought the key in UV-C development
But is there another way of creating UV-C?
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Proposal
QED induced EM radiation replaces LEDs
QED = quantum electrodynamics
EM = electromagnetic
Applying a nano coating to a heated surface avoids natural
convection and conserves heat by emission of QED induced
VIS and UV-C light instead of the usual temperature increase
Suggesting:
QED is the FOURTH mode of Heat Transfer?
( 3 modes known: Conduction, Radiation, Convection)
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
4th Mode of Heat Transfer
Natural
convection
QED
radiation
Macro
Coating
Nano
Coating
Substrate
Supplied heat
Nano Coating avoids natural convection and
conserves supplied heat by QED radiation instead
of a temperature increase
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Operating Principle
QED converts the supplied heat to UV-C radiation because
the temperature of the nano-coating cannot increase by QM.
QM = Quantum Mechanics
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Theory
Heat Capacity of the Atom
Conservation of Energy
TIR Confinement
Coating Thickness
ZnO Coating
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Heat Capacity of the Atom
Classical Physics (kT > 0)
QM
(kT = 0)
hc

E
  hc  
exp  kT   1
 
 
kT
0.0258 eV
Nanostructures
In nano coatings, the atom has no heat capacity by QM
QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
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Conservation of Energy
Lack of heat capacity by QM precludes EM energy
conservation in nano coatings by an increase in
temperature, but how does conservation proceed?
Proposal
Absorbed EM energy is conserved by creating QED
radiation in the nano coating - by frequency up conversion to the TIR resonance of the nano coating
TIR = Total Internal Reflection
QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
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TIR Confinement
If the refractive index of nanostructure is greater than that of
surroundings, the proposed QED photons are confined by TIR
( Tyndall, 1870 )
Nano coatings have high surface to volume ratio.
EM energy is absorbed almost totally in the coating surface.
QED radiation is created upon EM energy absorption.
f = c/  = 2nd E = hf
d = coating thickness
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Coating Thickness
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QED Radiation
Wavelength -  - microns
IR
n=4
1
VIS
UV
n=2
0.1
0.01
EUV
0.001
1
10
100
1000
Coating Thickness - d - nm
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
ZnO Coating
Insuring TIR confinement requires the RI of the coating to be
greater than that of the substrate.
For ZnO coating having n = 2.5, the QED emission from 50
nm thicknesses produces EM radiation from UV-C at 254 nm
that may be transmitted through air and water
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Design Criteria
Theme
Body Heat
Disinfection Dosage
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Presentation Theme
"To make a flashlight
that runs on the heat of the human hand.“
Ann Makosinski from British Columbia, a 16 year old student,
developed an LED flashlight powered by body heat.
See T. Nguyen, “This Flashlight Is Powered by the Touch of
Your Hand,” Smithsonian.com, March 24, 2014
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Body Heat
Total human body heat is about 100 W.
Since the average surface area for adult men and
women is about 1.75 m2, the body heat Q is,
Q = = 57.1 W/m2 = 5.71 mW / cm2
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Disinfection Dosage
UV light as a disinfectant penetrates an organism’s cell
walls and scrambles the genes to preclude reproduction.
The optimum UV wavelength range to destroy bacteria is
between 250 and 270 nm.
For UV-C = 254 nm and Q = 5.71 mW / cm2,
To disinfect drinking water, US HEW require a UV-C dose
of 16 – 38 mJ / cm2 or 3 – 6 second duration
The UV-C dose necessary to disinfect the Ebola virus is
0.4 mJ / cm2 requires < 1 second scans.
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Applications
Drinking Water
Ebola
Moore’s Law
Flashlights
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Drinking Water
Introduction
Boiling Water
Alternatives
QED Solution
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Introduction
China’s massive population poses difficult environmental
challenges for a nation of some 1.2 billion people.
Over 3.5 million tons of sewage waste per day requires
extensive treatment facilities which are not available
Perhaps half of all Chinese — 600 million people — drink
water that is contaminated by human waste and are
subjected to waterborne pathogens and health concerns.
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Boiling Water
WHO estimates that 64% of all premature deaths in China are
related to water-borne pathogens consumed by a majority of
the nation's population that cannot afford bottled water
Even with bottled water, the consumer never knows if it is
indeed safe.
Water is most directly disinfected by boiling at the point of use,
but except for water boiling units in restaurants is not available
to the individual consumer.
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Alternatives
Diarrheal diseases can be reduced 30–40% with filtered
purifiers, but less than 5% of Chinese homes currently
have filtered purifiers, despite costing only 200 – 300 USD
Water pumped through ceramic filters coated with silver
NPs are known to provide antimicrobial action by damaging
the DNA of bacteria, but NPs that come off the filter and
enter the body damage human DNA  cancer
Currently, LEDs in the UV-C are thought to provide the
optimum point of use disinfection of drinking water, but still
require a source of electrical power
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
QED Solution
QED induced UV-C radiation using hand-held nano-coated
bowls to disinfect drinking water with body heat instead of
electrical power
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Ebola
Introduction
QED Solution
Operating Principle
Summary
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Introduction
The Ebola virus is a West African concern.
In the United States, Ebola disinfection
includes electric powered hand-held
systems that produce a UV-C radiation
Protocol for Ebola disinfection in the U.S.
is too complex and costly in the
developing world requiring unavailable
sources of electricity.
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
QED Solution
QED induced EM radiation from body heat in a hand-held nanocoated bowl called an Ebowla is proposed to provide the UV- C
to inexpensively disinfect Ebola without electricity.
QED = quantum electrodynamics
EM = electromagnetic.
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Operating Principle
The EBOWLA converts body heat from the hand holding
the bowl to UV-C radiation because the temperature of
the nano-coating cannot increase by QM.
QM = Quantum Mechanics
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
EBOWLA
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Summary
The EBOWLA is suited for disinfecting Ebola in the developing
world that lacks sources of electricity. Costs are minimal
allowing free distribution by governments to individuals.
The EBOWLA may also serve to disinfect drinking water
Once exposed to the virus, Ebola workers discard protective
suits– an expensive procedure in West Africa. By adding an
appropriate nano coating, the suits continually emit UV-C to
remove attached Ebola viruses and allow re-use.
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
EUV and Moore’s Law
Introduction
Problems
QED Lithography
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Introduction
Moore’s law says the number of transistors on a chip
should double every two years
Lithography is required that shrinks transistor
geometry by 30% every two years
In sustaining Moore’s law in the future, the EUV light
source is the “holy grail” of chip development
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Problems
In the next generation of chips, the EUV source using LPP
lithography at 13.5 nm is challenging Moore’s law
LPP = laser produced plasma
LPP uses high power CO2 lasers to vaporize solid targets,
the atomic emission producing 13.5 nm EUV light
LPP lithography is both complex and very expensive
(120 million USD)
Proposed QED lithography is simple and inexpensive
EUV wavelength  = 2 n d
d = coating thickness
QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
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LPP / QED Light Sources
LPP
QED
QED induces the heat supplied to the backside of the
spherical lens to be converted to EUV light
Use d ~ 3 nm zinc oxide coating on the lens front surface
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Flashlight
Introduction
Peltier Design
Peltier v. QED
QED Flashlight
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Introduction
The challenge in using body heat to power a flashlight is
electricity produced from thermal energy is usually
too weak to run most common devices.
Makosinski used the Peltier effect to produce the voltage to
power a LED bulb when the temperature differential is
only 5 C
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Peltier Design
Makosinski mounted the Peltier tiles on an open-ended
aluminum tube which allowed ambient air to cool the
inside of the tube.
Body heat Q from the palm of the hand warmed the tiles
to produce a temperature difference of 5 C  VIS light .
Q
T = 5 C
LED
Peltier tiles
VIS
Ambient Air
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Peltier v. QED
The QED flashlight converts 100 % of the body heat to VIS
light compared to the 40-50% efficiency of the LED bulb
powered by the Peltier effect .
To commercialize the hand-held Peltier flashlight, the
brightness should be at least 90 lumens. LED efficacy = 60
requires power = 1.5 W. But Makosinski’s flashlight
produces only 24 lumens or about 0.4 W
Since body heat Q = 5.71 mW / cm2, the QED flashlight
with 100% conversion requires 0.75 W or area of 130 cm2
giving a 4 cm diameter x 10 cm long flashlight
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
QED Flashlight
QED induced VIS light using body heat requires the inside
of an aluminum tube be provided with a 100 nm thick zinc
oxide coating which may be difficult to control
Roll-up flat shapes of 1 mm thick aluminum coated with
100 nm zinc oxide; Insert into a 4 cm diameter x 5 mm
thick x 10 cm long aluminum tube
Tube
Q
VIS
Insert
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Collaboration
The applications of QED induced EM radiation in:
UV-C disinfection of diseases
and
VIS flashlight
require development and testing
Collaboration with interested parties is solicited.
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QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
Questions & Papers
Email: [email protected]
http://www.nanoqed.org
QED v. LED in UV-C Disinfection and Flashlights
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