Transcript Digital Logic - Computer Science

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The Student shall be able to:
•
Determine the local-global or ethical implications of high versus low
power related to some field.
•
Elaborate Ethical categories: Virtue, Deontology, Utility, and Egoism
•
Develop a graph comparing power utilization.
•
Calculate KWH and the greenhouse gas emissions per KWH (in lab).
•
Define how transistors, voltage, frequency relate to power usage.
•
Describe two methods within Dynamic Power Scaling to reduce power
in processors, networks, etc.
•
Define voltage, current, resistance, volts, amps, ohms.
•
Recite ohm’s law
•
Work with a Volt-Meter: Kill-a-Watt (in lab and/or project).
ABET UNDERGRAD LEARNING OUTCOMES
Reasoned Judgment
(a) An ability to apply knowledge of computing and mathematics
appropriate to the discipline
b) Analyze a problem, identify req's for solution
c) Design, implement, evaluate program, process
Social & Personal Responsibility
d) Function effectively on teams
(e) An understanding of professional, ethical, legal, security and social
issues and responsibilities
(g) An ability to analyze the local and global impact of computing on
individuals, organizations, and society
(h) Recognition of the need for and an ability to engage in continuing
professional development
Communication
(f) An ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences
(i) An ability to use current techniques, skills, and tools necessary for
computing practice.
ETHICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
Egoism: Right action is determined by what is in the individual’s self-interest.
“An efficient design will allow me to make buckets of money.”
REAL ETHICS
Virtue Ethics: Right action is that which promotes human flourishing.
“That is what a good engineer does.”
Deontology: Right action is that which is done from duty.
“It is my duty to be efficient.”
Consequentialism/Utility: Right action is that which creates the greatest
happiness.
“This will allow the most number of people to have access to and to utilize our
products.”
EGOISM – SELF-INTEREST – NOT ETHICS
Right action is determined by what is in the individual’s self-interest.
An egoist: “an efficient design will allow me to make buckets of money.”
Example:
• Using lead to create circuit boards introduces a deadly toxin to our water
supply;
• I drink from that water supply;
• therefore, I don’t want to use lead to create circuit boards.
This is both reasonable and practical but not clearly ethical
People act in their own interest naturally. Is she acting ethically or just to
save her own skin?
VIRTUE ETHICS: ARISTOTLE
Right action is that which promotes human flourishing.
Virtue Ethicist: “Striving for Excellence is what a good engineer does.”
Generally you could ask yourself:
•
In the best world, what would your design look like?
•
Would your role model approve of this design?
More Specifically:
•
Would the person of good character exploit workers in a foreign country
in order to make products affordable in the US?
•
Would a good engineer design a product that uses as much power as it
can draw or would he strive for efficiency?
DEONTOLOGY – IMMANUEL KANT
Right action is that which is done from duty.
A Deontologist: “it is my duty to be efficient.”
Kant prohibits actions if they produce a contradiction when implemented in
a universalized way.
Example:
• Lying is Self-Contradictory: the point of a lie is to pass off untruth as truth;
• If we universalize lying so that everyone lies then no one will accept our
untruths as truth;
• So, lying, when universalized, contradicts itself.
For duty, one asks: “can my rule of action be universalized without
contradiction?”
• Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.
• Would everyone be able to employ a design like this one?
• Can every nation on the planet use as much power as the U.S.?
UTILITY/CONSEQUENTIALISM –
JOHN STUART MILL
Right action is that which creates the greatest happiness.
A Utilitarian: “it will allow the most number of people to have access to and to
utilize our products.”
“Will this produce more happiness than the alternatives?”
There is no tenable argument that can show that my happiness is worth more than
your happiness
A Utilitarian must accept that her happiness is not more important than anyone
else’s
Example:
iPhones have made hundreds of thousands of Americans happy, but if tens of
thousands of Chinese that are employed to make them are more unhappy than the
happiness we Americans receive, then we should not buy them.
ANALYZE THE LOCAL AND GLOBAL IMPACT
OF COMPUTING ON
INDIVIDUALS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND SOCIETY
Local: impacts a local organization and/or the region.
National: Impacts the nation
• e.g., increased economic measures: GNP, increased
competitiveness, cleaner environment.
Global: Impacts one or more external nations or world conditions
• e.g., energy, poverty, environment, world peace.
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
1. Why Citibank, Iceland’s Banks, and the Ice Banks of Antarctica
All Melted Down at the Same Time
Consumer America
“At it’s core, the China-America growth engine worked like this: We in
America built more and more stores, to sell more and more stuff, made
in more and more Chinese factories, powered by more and more coal,
and all those sales produced more dollars, which China used to buy
more and more U.S. Treasure Bills, which allowed the Federal Reserve
to extend more and more easy credit to more and more banks,
consumers, and businesses, so that more and more Americans could
purchase more and more homes, and all those sales drove home prices
higher and higher,…”
GHG Per Capita Emission Rates (tons):
US
20
England, Japan 10
Average
4.3
India
1
Key World Energy Statistics 2008, World Energy Outlook
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
2. Dumb As We Wanna Be
Economic History: Living for our own Wealth
“The era we have entered is one of enormous social, political, and
economic change – driven in part by the Market and in part by
Mother Nature. If we want things to stay as they are – that is, if we
want to maintain our technological, economic, and moral leadership,
and a habitable planet, rich with flora and fauna, leopards and lions,
and human communities that can grow in a sustainable way – things
will have to change around here, and fast.”
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
3. The Re-Generation
Michael Dell (Founder): People of all ages interested in renewable
resources, recycling, and sustainability.
“The Re-Generation’s task is to do nothing less than help repair both the
Market and Mother Nature by bringing the concept and the values of
“sustainability” to both realms”
Reasons for Energy Efficiency L/N/
G
1 Americans live beyond our
N,G
means. Americans buy goods
from China, and China buys U.S.
treasury bills. This enables
Americans to buy more Chinese
goods. These goods require
energy to produce and ship. (Ch.
1[2])
Examples for Ethical Categories
Egoism: As an American, it is bad for me that China
owns most of our debt.
Virtue: This is bad because the person of good
character wouldn't be in debt.
Utilitarianism: This may lower worldwide happiness,
due to the unsustainability of environmental
destruction and (possibly) the exploitation of lowwage Chinese workers.
2 Provide Sustainability: “If we
L,N, Egoism: “If WE want to maintain OUR leadership…
G
want to maintain our
and a habitable planet…” This focuses on our
technological, economic, and
benefit only.
moral leadership, and a habitable
Virtue: “…rich with flora and fauna, leopards and
planet, rich with flora and fauna,
lions,..” The person of good character respects other
leopards and lions, and human
species and would not destroy the environment.
communities that can grow in a
Utilitarianism: “…and human communities that can
sustainable way – things will have
grow in a sustainable way…” Sustainability assumes
to change around here, and
long-term happiness (survivability) for all.
fast.” (Ch. 2-3 [2])
Deontology: “… things will have to change around
here, and fast.” It is our duty to be stewards of the
environment.
This statement could argue at different levels
simultaneously.
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
4. Today’s Date: 1 E.C.E
Today’s Weather: Hot, Flat, and Crowded
E.C.E: Energy-Climate Era: A high level view of issues:
•
Energy and Natural Resources: Supply and Demand
•
Petrodictatorship
•
Climate Change
•
Energy Poverty
•
Biodiversity Loss
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
5. Our Carbon Copies (or, Too Many Americans)
“I certainly don’t blame the citizens of Doha or Dalian for aspiring to an
American lifestyle…”
“Does that mean we don’t want people to live like us anymore? No. It
means that we have to take the lead in redesigning and reinventing
what living like us means – what constitutes the “American way” in
energy and resource consumption terms.”
Previous: US & Europe
Now: + India + China
2030: As shown
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
6. Fill ‘Er Up With Dictators
Oil & Islam
“The Saudi Government set out to evangelize the Islamic world, using
the billions of riyals at its disposal through the religious tax – zakat –
to construct hundreds of mosques and colleges and thousands of
religious schools around the globe, staffed with Wahhabi Imams, and
teachers. Eventually, Saudi Arabia, which constitutes only 1 % of the
world Muslim population, would support 90% of the expenses of the
entire faith, overriding other traditions of Islam. Music
disappeared…censorship smothered art and literature… and
intellectual life…withered. Paranoia and fanaticism naturally occupy
minds…”
Reasons for Energy Efficiency
Examples for Ethical Categories
L/N/
G
3 World Growth in Wealth: Previously there L,N, Egoism: Higher energy costs impacts
G
were two continents with high energy
my profit.
consumption: U.S. and Europe. China
Utilitarianism:
Current energy use,
and India are emerging to double the
implemented
worldwide,
is
not
Earth’s energy consumption. Since their
sustainable and leads to unhappiness
populations are so large, eventually their
(assumes limited resources or that
consumption will itself double. Add the rest
consumption has a negative effect:
of far-east Asia, Russia, and Brazil-Middle
pollution).
East, and the energy consumption can
Deontology: Our way of living does not
equal nine times the U.S. – or more. (Ch. 5
work on a larger, worldwide scale.
[2])
4 Oil Revenues fuel Muslim Extremists:
N,G Egoist: Terrorism may harm the speaker.
Saudi Arabia constitutes only 1% of the
Utilitarian: Terrorist activities are seen as
world Muslim population, but funds 90% of
detrimental to aggregate happiness.
the expenses of the entire faith, through
Virtue: A good person would not help to
Wahhabi fundamentalism. Although
fund terrorists, even indirectly.
Wahhabis are not the base religion of the
terrorists, our oil purchases indirectly
encourage terrorist activities, through
fanaticism and donations by the
wealthy. (Ch. 6 [2])
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
7. Global Weirding – Climate Change
8. The Age of Noah – Biodiversity
“It gives me goose bumps” says Career, who founded a non-profit to
promote sustainable ranching on the Amazon frontier. “It’s like
witnessing a rape. You can’t protect it. There’s too much money to be
made tearing it down. Out here on the frontier, you really see the
market at work.”
9. Energy Poverty
“At the village level, energy poverty means you can’t pump clean water
regularly, there’s no communications, no way to have adult literacy
classes, and certainly no way to run computers at school or have access
to connectivity. This perpetuates social inequality.”
Reasons for Energy Efficiency
L/N/
G
5 Global Wierding: Scientific reasons to
assume climate change is occurring ([18],
Ch. 7 [2])
E.g.: Measurement of average CO2 in
atmosphere has increased from 280 in 1750
to 390 ppm in 2007.
E.g.: CO2 and water vapor are greenhouse
gases. They hold more heat than oxygen or
nitrogen.
E.g.: Warmer air holds more water and thus
causes more intense storms and dryer
terrain.
6 Biodiversity: “It gives me goose bumps”
L, N,
G
says Career, who founded a non-profit to
promote sustainable ranching on the
Amazon frontier. “It’s like witnessing a rape.
You can’t protect it. There’s too much
money to be made tearing it down. Out
here on the frontier, you really see the
market at work.” (Ch. 8 [2])
Examples for Ethical Categories
Scientific reason is going to be, in almost
all cases, Utilitarian reasoning.
Utilitarian: More CO2 increases global
temperatures and makes human life more
difficult. Therefore we should avoid
increasing CO2. The happiness of the
species is at stake.
Virtue: Even if these scientific facts do not
prove that CO2 causes climate change, a
good person would minimize impact to the
environment.
Egoist: Raping nature will kill tourism.
Virtue: Protecting the environment is a
good thing to do.
Deontological: It is my duty to reject the
rape of nature because it leads to a
(universal) extinction of species, and loss
of human enjoyment of the natural
environment.
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
10. Green is the New Red, White, and Blue
“We need a Clean Energy System that is always trying to optimize these
five elements: The more clean electrons we generate, the more
growth we can have with fewer emissions. The greater the energy
efficiency we bring about, the fewer clean electrons we need to get
more growth…”
11. 205 Easy Ways to Save the Earth
“For all the talk of a green revolution”, said Lewis, “Things are not
getting better. In fact, they are actually getting worse…In the year
2000 to 2006 we tripled the rate of global CO2 emission increases…
[to] over 3% a year!”
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
12. The Energy Internet: When IT meets ET
IT=Information Technology
ET=Energy Technology
“Utilities made their money by building stuff – more power plants and
more power lines that enabled them to sell more and more electrons
to more and more customers – because they were rewarded by their
regulators with increased rates on the basis of those capital
expenditures. The more capital they deployed, the more they made.
And since their new capital investments had to be justified by growth
in demand, the utilities were motivated to encourage consumption…”
Reasons for Energy Efficiency
7
8
9
1
0
Examples for Ethical Categories
LN
G
Energy Poverty: As other regions become L, Utilitarian: We must strive for equality of wealth
wealthier, competition will cause the price N, (or happiness) for all nations.
of energy to increase. This will make it
G Deontology: Our energy use will result in haves
more difficult for the remaining
and have-nots. Therefore, it cannot be
underdeveloped nations to compete. (Ch. 9
universalized, and is bad.
[2])
Increased Competitiveness: Energy
L, Egoism: The new costs and technologies
efficiency can reduce costs and provide
N, benefit me.
new technologies for sale worldwide. (Ch. G Utilitarian: the new costs and technologies will
10, 14 [2])
make people happy, since there will be lower
prices and more jobs for all.
Losing the Battle: Despite efforts to green L, Egoism: Will the additional costs outweigh the
America, the greenhouse gas problem is
N, benefits to me?
measured at increasingly higher rates
G Utilitarian: Will the additional costs outweigh the
annually. The problem must be taken
benefits to humanity?
much more seriously. (Ch. 11 [2])
Virtue: What is the right thing to do?
Inefficient Power Utilities: Power utilities
L, Egoism: This could also be a solution.
have little incentive to be efficient, since
N, Commonly, we provide an incentive for
they grow with higher consumer
G companies to change behavior (here, save
demand. Thus, utilities build for peak
energy). We focus on their egoism in order to
demand, instead of encouraging
improve the well-being of all.
consumers to use power during low energy
Deontology: A universal solution goes to the
consumption times. IT will help to make
source (the power plant) instead of assuming all
utilities more efficient. (Ch. 12 [2])
individuals will adhere to fixes.
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
13. The Stone Age Didn’t End Because We Ran Out of Stones
“Every year I come to China and young Chinese tell me, “Mr. Friedman,
you Americans got to grow dirty for 150 years – you got to have your
Industrial Revolution based on coal and oil – now it is our turn.’ Well, on
behalf of all Americans, I am here to today to tell you that you’re right.
It’s your turn. Please, take your time, grow as dirty as you like for as
long as you like. Take your time! Please! Because I think my country
needs only 5 years to invent all the clean power and energy efficiency
tools that you, China, will need to avoid choking on pollution, and then
we are going to come over and sell them all to you. We will get at least
a 5-year jump on you in the next great global industry: clean power and
energy efficiency.”
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
14. If It Isn’t Boring, It Isn’t Green
“Which city in Pennsylvania has a trade surplus with China, Mexico, and Brazil?
Answer: Erie
So how did GE Transportation, located in the former heartland of American
manufacturing, now the heartland of America’s rust belt, become the most
profitable maker off locomotives in the world?
Answer: A combination of great engineering…, a global market looking for cleaner
locomotives, and a U.S. government that demanded higher and higher
standards. Those high standards helped to drive the innovation of a big train
engine that spewed out less pollution, while also increasing fuel economy and
thereby lowering CO2 emissions in the bargain.”
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
15 A Million Noahs, A Million Arks
“A recent scientific study … found that more children knew the characters of
Pokemon than could recognize an oak tree or an otter. Science education –
especially ecology and Earth-based sciences – in America is falling behind that
of other countries.”
16. Outgreening al-Qaeda (or, Buy One, Get Four Free)
“Nothing – and I mean nothing – will make you a believer in distributed solar power
faster than having responsibility for trucking fuel across Iraq. I met two
soldiers… Their unit was responsible for supplying DF2 diesel fuel to smaller
outposts all over the northern Iraqi battle space to keep their generators
running. The day I visited… the temperature hit 121 degrees Fahrenheit... Airconditioning a tent in the desert… 70% of the …energy budget was being spent
just moving fuel from one base to another.”
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
17. Can Red China Become Green China?
“An American friend in Beijing tells me that every morning he gets up and does
his own air quality test - as many Beijing residents do: He looks out his 24story window and checks how far he can see. On a rare pristine day, … he
can see Fragrant Mountain rising to the northwest. On a ‘good’ pollution day,
he can see the China World building 4 blocks away. On a bad day, he can’t
see the building next door.”
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
18. China for a Day, But Not for Two
“What doesn’t exist today in the energy business is the hand of God”
said [GE CEO] Immelt. “I think if you asked the utilities and big
manufacturers in this business what they would most like, it would be for
the president to stand up and say: “by 2025 we are going to produce this
much coal, this much natural gas, this much wind, this much solar, this
much nuclear, and nothing is going to stand in the way.” Well you’d have
about 30 days of complaining and crying, and then people across the
whole energy industry would just stand up and say, “Thank you Mr.
President, now let’s go do it.” and we would go out and do it.”
HOT, FLAT, AND CROWDED
THOMAS L FRIEDMAN
19. A Democratic China or a BANANA Republic?
“Build absolutely nothing anywhere near anything: “We are all pilgrims
again… We have not been to this shore before. If we fail to
recognize that, we will, indeed become just one more endangered
species. But if we rise to this challenge, and truly become the ReGeneration – redefining green and rediscovering, reviving, and
regenerating America – we, and the world, will not only survive, but
thrive in an age that is hot, flat, and crowded.”
STATISTICS:
CURRENT ALLOCATION OF ELECTRICITY
Statistics
5-10% of total energy use of average US building
Data Centers are 40x energy intensive compared to Office
Air conditioning = 25% of costs
Current Use [Bolla2011]
Home
10 W x 17.5 B users =
Access 1280 W x 27,344 devices =
Core
10,000 W x 175 devices =
1533 GWh/year
307 GWh/year
15 GWh/year
Predicted Use (2006->2026) [Sato2010]
Growth Network Traffic: 190x
(45% cumulative annual growth)
Growth Power: 5.2x
SMART 20202 STUDY
ICT energy growth rate of 6% per year
 By 2020, ICT energy will consume 12% of worldwide energy.
Server farms, telecommunications infrastructure = 3% world’s
energy
 growing by 16-20% per year
Cellular networks consume 0.5% of the world’s energy
 99% of that is consumed in the network (not end user)
In the U.S., the Internet consumes 9.4% of all electricity and is
increasing
Personal computers consume about half of the electricity
consumed by computer systems
TOPICS IN GREEN COMPUTING
[Green500-2010]
1. Green IT Lifecycle – Procurement, Disposal
 E-Waste: coltan, irridium
2. End-User IT Efficiency
3. Enterprise and Data Center Efficiency – Networks,
Servers, Virtualization, AC
4. Use of IT as Low-Carbon Enabler – E.g., Smart Home,
Smart Grid
5. Effectiveness of Green IT Measurement & Monitoring
THE STORY OF E-WASTE
60 Minutes: E-Waste - 2008
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PgbrPiUG0M
Dateline – Uploaded 9/25/11
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dd_ZttK3PuM
Triwood - How do they do it? Recycling Computers (5:42)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dB3IvtcN2YI
E-waste centre of Agbogbloshie, Ghana
POWER ANALYSIS
Power = Capacitive Load
x Voltage2
x Frequency switched
•
Frequency Switched: related to Clock Rate
•
Capacitive load: Related to number of transistors connected to
output, and Technology
•
Voltage: Dropped from 5 V to 1 V -> future to 200mV
Over computer history: Clock rates increased, Voltage dropped
Simpler computers provide more processing power per Watt.
•
Recent drop in # pipeline stages, and issue width
COMPARISON OF ENERGY USAGE
Processor
Year
Clock Rate Pipeline Cores/
Stages Chip
Power
(Watts)
Intel 486
1989
25 MHz
5
1
5
Intel Pentium
1993
66 MHz
5
1
10
Pentium Pro
1997
200 MHz
10
1
29
Pentium 4 Willamette
2001
2000 MHz
22
1
75
Pentium 4 Prescott
2004
3600 MHz
31
1
103
Intel Core
2006
2930 MHz
14
2
75
Intel Core i5 Nehalem
2010
3300 MHz
14
1
87
Intel Core i5 Ivy Bridge
2012
3400 MHz
14
8
77
Excerpted from:
Computer Organization and Design, 5th Ed.
Patterson & Hennessy, Morgan Kaufmann,
2014, page 344.
GOOGLE’S DATA CENTER
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=voOK-1DLr00
Measure PUE
Manage Air Flow
Adjust the
Thermostat
Use Free Cooling
Optimize Power
Distribution
VOCABULARY – ACRONYMS, MEASURES
ICT = Information & Communication Technology
DVFS = Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling
Leakage = Power loss at increased heat
PUE = Power Usage Effectiveness =
Total_Power/Computer_Power
ECR = Energy Consumption Rating
ECRvL= Energy Consumption in Relation to Variable Load
Sustainability: Minimizes environmental impact, including
greenhouse gas emissions, use of raw materials, and
hazardous waste.
EFFICIENT ENGINEERING:
REDUCING POWER
Dynamic Power Scaling
Adaptive Rate: Reduce the work performed
 Energy-proportional computing
 DVFS = Dynamic Voltage and Frequency
Scaling
 Parameters: (# of Nodes, # of cores, frequency)
Low Power Idle: Stall processing periodically
 Redundancy can sleep
 States: Full power, idle, sleep
EFFICIENCY TECHNIQUES
MORE OBVIOUS
• turn off equipment during
slow periods
• use power saving modes
• use virtual machines
• eliminate phantom loads
• extending computer life
by upgrading with efficient
components,
• purchase Energy Star
• use alternative power
LESS OBVIOUS
• air economizer: uses colder outside
air for air conditioning
• chillers: tubes carry colder water
• run the room temperature higher but
within computer specs
• leakage may be a problem
• improve airflow
• use computers longer
• recycle and resell computers
• smart grid will influence the time of
optional electrical use
ELECTRICITY
Voltage = Depth
Current = Speed
Resistance = Work or
Obstructions
voltage
current
resistance
RESISTANCE: MEASURED IN OHMS Ω
ELECTRICITY: NOTATION
Voltage => Volts = V
Current => Amperes = Amps
=A
Resistance => Ohms = Ω
OHM’S LAW: V=IR
Voltage = Current *
Resistance
(V=IR)
Resistance =
Voltage/Current
(R=V/I)
Example:
Given:
•Voltage = 10 V
•Resistance = 1k Ω
What is Current?
•Current = I = V/R
= 10/1000
= 1/100 = 0.01 A
=10 mAmps
BUTTONS ON KILL-A-WATT
1. Volts
2. Current
3. Watts – VI
 Watts = Voltage * Current
4. Frequency – Power Factor
• Frequency in KHZ
• Power Factor
5. Kilowatt Hour (KWH) = VI * T / 1000
• 1 year = Watt * 24 (hrs/day) * 365 (days/year)/1K
CO2 IMPACT
Energy Source
Natural Gas
Lbs CO2
Use x Lbs =
CO2 Footprint
12.1/Br. Therm. U. 619x12.1=7490
Oil
22.4/Gallon
Gasoline
19.6/Gallon
Electricity
1.75 / KW hour
Wood
3,814/Ton
1978x1.75=3461.5
EXCEL SPREADSHEET ANALYSIS
My Laptop
Watt
KWH
Multiplier:
Lbs GHG
Price:
KWH * 10 10KWH * 1.75 0.12611 * KWH
Operational
12
105.12
1051.2
1839.6
132.5668
Data Communications
23
201.48
2014.8
3525.9
254.0864
Max Data Communications
41
359.16
3591.6
6285.3
452.9367
Sleep
0.5
4.38
43.8
76.65
5.523618
Shut down
0.3
2.628
26.28
45.99
3.314171
PRODUCING A GRAPH
CONCLUSION
•
Computing impacts total energy use and both are growing rapidly
• Air conditioning is a major factor
•
Energy efficiency has obvious ethical and local/global impacts.
• What are the implications of other technology decisions?
•
We can monitor electrical usage using the Kill-a-Watt device
• We can estimate resulting CO2 impact
•
Graphs can help to show relationships between different energy usages
•
Energy efficiency techniques include adaptive rate, low-power idle,
virtual machines, longer life, economizers/chillers, higher
temperatures?
•
Technology is rapidly changing and continuing professional
development is required
RESOURCES
Friedman, Thomas L. Hot, Flat, and Crowded, Release
2.0, PICADOR, New York NY, www.picadorusa.com,
2008
http://whitepapers.datacenterknowledge.com/
“Hard-wired to be Green” ComputerWorld, Oct 24, 2011
Library Databases:
• IEEE
• Business
• Environmental