Transcript MICROCOMPUTERS

TECHNOLOGY
GUIDE 1:
Hardware
TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 1:
HARDWARE
TG1.1 Introduction
TG1.2 Strategic Hardware Issues
TG1.3 Computer Hierarchy
TG1.4 Input and Output Technologies
TG1.5 The Central Processing Unit
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the major hardware components of a computer
system.
2. Discuss the strategic issues that link hardware design
to business strategy.
3. Describe the hierarchy of computers according to
power and their respective roles.
4. Differentiate the various types of input and output
technologies and their uses.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
(CONTINUED)
5. Describe the design and functioning of the central
processing unit.
6. Discuss the relationships between microprocessor
component designs and performance.
7. Describe the main types of primary and secondary
storage.
8. Distinguish between primary and secondary storage
along the dimensions of speed, cost, and capacity.
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TG 1.1 INTRODUCTION
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Hardware consists of:
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Central processing unit (CPU)
Primary storage
Secondary storage
Input technologies
Output technologies
Communication technologies
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TG1.2 STRATEGIC HARDWARE
ISSUES
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How do organizations keep up with the rapid price and
performance advancements in hardware?
How often should an organization upgrade its
computers and storage systems?
Will upgrades increase personal and organizational
productivity?
How can organizations measure such increase?
How should organizations determine the need for new
hardware infrastructures?
How do organizations manage employees who can
“work from anywhere?”
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TG1.3 COMPUTER HIERARCHY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Supercomputers
Mainframe Computers
Midrange Computers
Microcomputers
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MICROCOMPUTERS
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TG1.4 INPUT AND OUTPUT
TECHNOLOGIES
•
Two Main Types of Input Technologies:
– Human data-entry: keyboard, mouse, pointing stick, trackball,
joystick, touch-screen, stylus, digital pen, Wii, Webcam, and,
voice-recognition
– Source-data automation: magnetic stripe reader, barcode
scanners, optical mark reader, sensors, cameras, RFID, optical
character recognition
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TG1.5 THE CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT
•
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Central processing unit (CPU) performs the actual
computation or “number crunching” inside any
computer.
The CPU is a Microprocessor made up of millions of
microscopic transistors embedded in a circuit on a
silicon wafer or chip. Parts of a microprocessor include:
– Control unit
– Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
– Registers
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FIGURE TG 1.2 PARTS OF A
MICROPROCESSOR
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FIGURE TG 1.3 HOW THE CPU
WORKS
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ADVANCES IN MICROPROCESSOR
DESIGN
•
Moore’s Law: microprocessor complexity would double
every two years.
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COMPUTER MEMORY
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Two basic categories of computer memory:
– Primary storage: stores small amounts of data and information
that the CPU will use immediately.
– Secondary storage: stores much larger amounts of data and
information—an entire software program, for example—for
extended periods of time.
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HIERARCHY OF MEMORY
CAPACITY
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Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes.
Megabyte (MB): one million bytes
Gigabyte (GB): 1 billion bytes
Terabyte: One trillion bytes.
Petabyte: One thousand terabytes.
Exabyte: One thousand petabytes.
Zettabyte: one thousand exabytes.
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PRIMARY STORAGE
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Primary storages stores three types of information for
very brief periods of time:
– data to be processed by the CPU
– instructions for the CPU on how to process the data
– operating system programs that manage various aspects of the
computer’s operation
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PRIMARY STORAGE (CONTINUED)
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There are 4 main types of primary storage:
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Registers
Random access memory (RAM)
Cache memory
Read-only memory (ROM)
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SECONDARY STORAGE
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Secondary storage has the following characteristics:
– nonvolatile
– more time is needed to retrieve data from secondary storage
than from RAM
– cheaper than primary storage
– consists of a variety of media, each with its own technology
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SECONDARY STORAGE
(CONTINUED)
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Types of secondary storage:
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Magnetic tape
Magnetic disks (called hard drives)
Flash memory devices (or memory cards)
Optical disk drives (CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray disk)
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PRIMARY MEMORY COMPARED
TO SECONDARY STORAGE
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TECHNICAL GUIDE CLOSING
1. Six major hardware components of a computer system:
central processing unit (CPU), primary storage,
secondary storage, input technologies, output
technologies, and communications technologies.
2. There are several strategic issues linking hardware
design to business strategy such as how do
organizations keep up with the rapid price and
performance advancements in hardware?
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TECHNICAL GUIDE CLOSING
(CONTINUED)
3. The hierarchy of computers according to power and
their respective roles: Supercomputers, Mainframes,
Midrange Minicomputers
4. The two types of input technologies are: human dataentry and source-data automation. Output technologies
include various types of monitors, impact and
nonimpact printers, plotters, and voice output.
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TECHNICAL GUIDE CLOSING
(CONTINUED)
5. CPU is made up of the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU),
registers and control unit.
6. Microprocessor designs aim to increase processing
speed.
7. Four types of primary storage: registers, cache
memory, random access memory (RAM), and read-only
memory (ROM). Secondary storage includes magnetic
media (tapes; hard drives; and thumb, or flash, drives)
and optical media (CD-ROM, DVD, and Blu-ray disks).
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TECHNICAL GUIDE CLOSING
(CONTINUED)
7. Primary storage has much less capacity than
secondary storage, and it is faster and more expensive
per byte stored. Secondary storage is much slower and
less expensive.
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Copyright
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