Transcript nutrients present in calcified structures

NUTRIENTS PRESENT IN
CALCIFIED STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 9
Copyright © 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Physiological Roles: Copper
 Function
 Formation of red blood cells and
connective tissue
 Catalyst in formation of collagen
 Component of many enzymes
that function in oxidative reactions
 Copper-containing enzymes
encourage production of
neurotransmitters (including
norepinephrine and dopamine)
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Copyright © 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT:
Anatomy & Physiology, ed 6. St.
Louis: Mosby, 2007.
2
Requirements and Sources: Copper
 Requirements
 RDA = 900 µg/day for adults
 UL = 10 g/day for adults
 Sources
 Seafood (shellfish, oysters, crabs)
 Liver
 Nuts; sesame and sunflower seeds
 Soy products
 Legumes
 Cocoa
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Hyperstates: Copper
 Serum copper levels elevated in
patients with rheumatoid arthritis,
myocardial infarction, conditions
requiring estrogen, and pregnancy
 Wilson’s disease: metabolic disorder
in which large amounts of copper
accumulate in liver, kidney, brain,
and cornea
 In cornea, causes brown or green ring
From McLaren DS: A Colour Atlas
and Text of Diet-related Disorders,
2nd ed. London: Mosby-Yearbook
Europe Ltd, 1992.
called the Kayser-Fleischer ring
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Hypostates: Copper
 Deficiency may occur in zinc
supplementation
 Individuals on total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
 Symptoms
From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT:
Anatomy & Physiology, ed 6. St.
Louis: Mosby, 2007.
 Decreased hair and skin pigmentation
 Hematological abnormalities (low white blood cell
count)
 Abnormal formation of cross-linkages in collagen and
elastin; results in failure to grow (children),
spontaneous fractures, osteoporosis, arthritis, arterial
disease, and ultimately marked bone deformities
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Overview: Selenium
 Physiological roles
 Cofactor for antioxidant enzyme that protects
membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids from
oxidative damage
 Present in tooth enamel and dentin

Large amounts may be detrimental to mineralization
 Requirements
 RDA = 55 µg/day for adults
 UL = 400 µg/day for adults
 Sources
 Animal products, whole grains and nuts
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Copyright © 2010, 2005, 1998 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT:
Anatomy & Physiology, ed 6. St.
Louis: Mosby, 2007.
6
Hyperstates and Hypostates:
Selenium
 Hyperstates
 Cirrhosis of the liver
 May promote dental caries when given preeruptively
 Symptoms: nausea and vomiting, weakness,
dermatitis, hair loss, white blotchy nails, and garlicky
breath odor
 Hypostates
 Cardiomyopathy called Keshan disease
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Overview: Chromium
 Physiological roles
 Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
 Potentiates the action of insulin
 Requirements
 AI = 20-35 µg/day for adults
 Sources
 Meats
 Whole-grain cereals, wheat germ
 Nuts
 Mushrooms
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Hyperstates and Hypostates:
Chromium
 Hyperstates
 Liver damage
 Lung cancer
 Hypostates
 Decreased insulin sensitivity
 Glucose intolerance
 Increased risk of diabetes
From Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: Anatomy & Physiology, ed 6.
St. Louis: Mosby, 2007.
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Overview: Manganese
 Physiological roles
 Involved in enzyme systems for:
 Optimal bone matrix development
 Insulin production
 Amino acid, cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism
 Requirements
 AI =1.8 to 2.3 mg/day for adults
 UL = 11 mg/day for adults
 Sources
 Whole-grain cereals, legumes, nuts, tea, leafy
vegetables, and infant formula
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Hyperstates: Manganese
 An environmental contaminant
 Elevated concentrations in salivary plaque and
enamel are associated with increased caries
 Symptoms
 Ataxia, headache, fatigue and anxiety
 Syndrome similar to Parkinson’s disease called
“manganese madness”
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Hypostates: Manganese
 Never been reported in those eating a normal
diet
 Symptoms
 Abnormal formation of bone and cartilage
 Growth restriction
 Congenital malformations
 Impaired glucose tolerance
 Poor reproductive performance
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Overview: Molybdenum
 Physiological roles
 Enzyme cofactor
 Trace element present in teeth, may inhibit caries
 Requirements
 RDA = 45 µg/day for adults
 UL = 2000 µg/day for adults
 Sources
 Legumes, whole-grain cereals, milk, liver, vegetables
 Hypostates
 Reported in persons on TPN
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Ultratrace Elements
 Some studies suggest relationships between
some trace elements and the development of
caries in humans or animals
 Boron
 Physiological roles
 May have effect on metabolism of calcium, phosphorus,
magnesium, or vitamin D
 May be needed to maintain membrane structure
 Sources include foods of plant origin
 Hypostate
 Affects mineral metabolism
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Ultratrace Elements
 Nickel
 Physiological role unclear, may be
involved in vitamin B12 metabolism
 Sources: dried beans and peas,
grains, nuts, and chocolate
 Silicon
 Physiological role in structure and
resilience of collagen, elastin, and
polysaccharides
 Sources: whole grains, root vegetables
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Ultratrace Elements
 Tin
 Physiological role in utilization of calcium and zinc
and may affect bone growth and maintenance
 Sources: trace amounts in foods; as food additive
 Lithium
 Accumulates in bone and decreases calcium content
 Increase in acid solubility
 Vanadium
 Incorporated in bones and dentin during rapid
mineralization
 Sources: shellfish, mushrooms, and parsley
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Ultratrace Elements
 Aluminum
 Probably not an essential nutrient; in fact, its
presence in the body appears to be harmful


Aluminum accumulates in bone and has been observed to
cause osteodystrophy
May reduce caries
 Accumulation can occur through oral ingestion of
aluminum hydroxide antacids
 Lead
 Mercury
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Ultratrace Elements
 Lead
 No known role in human nutrition
 Environmental contaminant that may impair
intellectual development


Large proportion of absorbed lead incorporated into skeleton
and teeth
Lead deposited in enamel matrix associated with pitting
hypoplasia
 Mercury
 No known role in human nutrition
 Environmental contaminant
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Ultratrace Elements:
Nutritional Directions
 Limit intake of albacore tuna <6 ounces/wk in
vulnerable patients (young children and pregnant
and nursing women)
 Consumption of a variety of foods and fluids helps
obtain trace minerals and avoid excessive amounts
 Bone meal and oyster shell supplements may
contain dangerous amounts of lead
 Avoid supplementation of trace elements unless
directed by medical provider
 Consume seafood, whole grains, and vegetables
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