Transcript Al-Saadiq - Islamicbooks.info

Al-Saadiq
The Sixth Imam
By A.S. Hashim. MD
Who is Al-Saadiq?: Lineage
Muhammad (pbuh)
Ali
Fatima
Al-Husain
Zainul Abideen
Al-Baaqir
Umm Farwa
Al-Saadiq
Great Granddaughter of Abu Bakr
Lineage
Grandfather
Zainul Abideen
Father
Al-Baaqir
Al-Saadiq
Great granddaughter
of Abu Bakr
Mother
Umm Farwa
Early childhood
 Born in 83 Hijrah
 Close to his father Al-Baaqir and grandfather Zainul
Abideen
 Visited with them Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi quite often
 Was tutored by both father and grandfather
 Memorized the Quran and learned a great deal about
Islam early on
In his Boyhood

Al-Saadiq learned about:
1. Undercover agents and informants of Benu Umayya
against the lovers of Ahlul Bayt
2. Al-Hajjaj and his cruelty in Iraq
3. The loyalist and supporters of Ahlul Bayt
4. The ongoing process of teaching Islam to so many
students
5. The discussions about various Islamic topics
In his boyhood

Al-Saadiq’s grandfather Zainul Abideen, and father AlBaaqir were active in teaching him:
 the Holy Quran, then
 Tafseer, followed by
 the Hadith and
 Al-Ah'kaam

Al-Saadiq was eager in learning and extremely receptive. He
showed an unparalleled brilliance.
Besides his father, learning came at the hands of his family.

The three phases of Islam
1. Muhammad
Islam
ISLAM
3. Rest of Imams
2. Ali, Hasan &
Husain
The 1st of 3 Phases of Islam
PHASE
FIRST
PHASE
CARRIED OUT BY:
TASKS CONSISTING OF:
Muhammad
(pbuh)
Emphasis was on teaching
Islam in depth, especially to
the Sahaaba (Companions)
and making Islam available
to the maximum number of
people—yet, bearing in
mind that it would take an
average person a long time
to assimilate Islam.
Therefore, Muhammad
(pbuh) did not fight the
hypocrites.
The 2nd of 3 Phases of Islam
PHASE
SECOND
PHASE
CARRIED OUT BY:
TASKS CONSISTING OF:
Ali, Al-Hasan, and
Al-Husain
They were the 3 who
were to confront the
negative forces caused
by Islamicly weak
persons which
threatened to
undermine Islam: Be it
during Ali's Khilaafah,
Al-Hasan's acceptance
of peaceful terms, or
the events leading to
the explosive but
anticipated Karbala as
led by Al-Husain.
The 3rd of 3 Phases of Islam
PHASE
THIRD
PHASE
CARRIED OUT BY:
Zainul Abideen
and the Imams
after him.
TASKS CONSISTING OF:
Zainul Abideen took on his
shoulders the heavy task
of teaching the
scholars (the educational
endeavor) once the
confrontational phase was
over. This culminated by
establishing the Islamic
Institute (Institute of Ahlul
Bayt). The main source of
information was the
Corpus of Knowledge
Imam Ali left. The Institute
was to expand and
Al-Saadiq Understands Phase III

Having reviewed the Islamic environs Al-Saadiq focuses
on Phase III
 Much discussion takes place between him and his
father and grandfather
 Decision seems so obvious for the course of action
 Early on Al-Saadiq participates enthusiastically in the
teaching endeavor
Al-Saadiq in his Teens





Father Al-Baaqir was the acknowledged head of Ahlul
Bayt's Institute,
Uncle Zaid Ibn Ali was an active participant,
Al-Saadiq and his brothers were managers of the
institute’s affairs.
Al-Saadiq was actively teaching, directing, debating,
discussing, and disputing numerous Islamic issues.
The Golden Chain of Narration
Al-Saadiq in his Twenties






Marries Granddaughter of Al-Hasan, Children:
1. Abdullah
2. Ismail
Manages the Institute along with his father
Tutors his Children
The Weakening of Benu Umayya's Rule
Works at the orchard to earn their living, and
Was frequently at the Masjid Al-Nabawi performing
Salat and reading Du'aa.
Al-Saadiq in his Thirties
 Al-Baaqir died at the age of 57
 Before his death Al-Baaqir confers the Imamah on Al-
Saadiq, and trusts him with the Corpus of Knowledge
 By now Al-Saadiq is 31 Yrs old.
 Medina and Mecca have become the intellectual centers
of learning
 Imamah means a designation (Nass) by the Almighty
sent down to Muhammad (pbuh) through Jubra'eel, then
passed down from one Imam to the subsequent one
Al-Saadiq in his Thirties

Refuses to Participate in Toppling Benu Umayya
 Fully aware of the underground movement against
Benu Umayya
 Vigorously Teaches:
1. Tafseer and Hadith
2. Shari'ah and Fiqh
3. Ah'Kaam and Ethics
4. Other sciences and referring to the Golden Chain
of narration
Corpus of Knowledge
1. Quran in chorological
Corpus of Knowledge
consists of the following:
order
2. Tafseer (Mus’haf Fatima)
3. Hadith (Saheefa of Ali)
4. Ah’kaam
5. Al-Jafr:
a. White Jafr: Prophets
and early times
b. Red Jafr: Rules of war
in Islam
Al-Saadiq in his Forties
 Marries Hameedah Al-Maghribiyah
 Al-Kadhim is Born
 Ismail, the oldest son, dies in his thirties
 Revolts to topple Benu Umayya spread
 The capable and cunning Abu Muslim defeats Benu
Umayya at Zap Battle
 Benu Umayya are chased out and put to the sword
 Even the graves of Benu Umayya’s Khalifas were dug
out and the remains put to the fire
Al-Saadiq in his Forties






Many revolts took place against the oppressive rulers
Benu Umayya had become very weak at the same time
Abu Muslim Al-Khurasani led the opposing powers from
Khurasan
Abu Muslim was joined by forces in Iraq led by Benu
Abbas
The great battle at Zab took place
Benu Umayya were soundly defeated
Al-Saadiq in his Forties

The revolts against Benu Umayya were by Mawaali and
Arabs who were fed up with the dictatorial rulers
 They revolted to champion Ahlul Bayt and uphold them.
‫للرضا من آ ِل محمد‬
 Al-Saadiq did not take part, instead he was extremely
busy in the Institute which reached its zenith by then
 Al-Saffah of Benu Abbas becomes Khalifa, followed by
Al-Mansoor
During Al-Saadiq’s Imamah

The institute of Ahlul Bayt is at its zenith
 Up to 4,000 scholars graduate during his Imamah
 Graduates write about 400 books Al-Usool AlArba’mi’ah ‫األصول أألربعمائه‬
 Numerous knowledge seekers travel from far away (and
live in Medina) to attend his discourses
 He argues with the Kharijis (deviators) and Ghulaat
(exaggerationists) and all other deviant groups.
The Institute graduates
Educational works of Al-Saadiq versus Al-Baaqir





During Al-Baaqir’s
time, 300 Scholars
graduated.
During Al-Saadiq’s
time 4,000 Scholars
graduated.
Many Scholars of AlBaaqir continued
Afterward with AlSaadiq
The graph compares
the relative numbers of
scholars during both
Imam’s times
This remarkable
growth came only
when pressure on
Ahlul Bayt eased off
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Al-Baaqir
Al-Saadiq
Early days
Al-Baaqir Al-Saadiq
Middle
Final period
Al-Saadiq’s Character #I
 Worked with his hands in the fields
 Used to deal as a merchant, selling and buying various
goods
 Dress in immaculate manner
 Had an appearance commanding reverence and high
esteem
 Discourse Capacity: People were spellbound by his
discussions
 Fiqh clarification, dissemination, and systematization
were closely related to Imam Al-Saadiq
Al-Saadiq’s Character #2
 Sciences of Islam were paramount in his mind, be it the
Holy Quran, Hadith, Fiqh, or Philosophy
 Was the most ethical, one who scrupulously applied the
Islamic ethical conduct
 Was the prototype and model of piety
 Was renowned for his nobility, virtue, and rectitude
 He was hospitable and a very generous person
 He held the poor in good regard, and gave in charity
repeatedly
Al-Saadiq’s Character #3
 Among other things he Focused on:


the ethics and mannerism of Islam.
stressed the perfection of character in his
teachings, and
 repeatedly reminded his students to incorporate
goodness of character, based on piety (Taq'wa),
 He urged his students to:
 deal in commerce, manufacture, and science;
 more so to be as independent as possible, thus
avoid dealing with the government and politics.
 to excel in administration and management, and
to be dynamic in all aspects of life
The Golden Chain of Narration



Thousands of Hadiths were narrated and quoted
through Ja'far Al-Saadiq.
He often said, "My Hadith is the Hadith of my father,
and his is the Hadith of his father, up to Ali, who directly
narrated the Hadith from Prophet Muhammad
(pbuh)." This is called the Golden Chain of Narration.
These Hadiths were of immense importance, since they
corrected the inaccuracies and set right the
contaminations which had crept into this science.
Golden Chain of Narration: (so far)
Muhammad (pbuh)
Ali
Al-Husain
Al-Hasan
Zainul Abideen
Al-Baaqir
Al-Saadiq
The Chain
The Institute: holding discourses

Discourses used to be held at:
1. Al-Saadiq’s Home
2. Masjid Al-Nabawi
3. Mecca during Haj
 Discourses consisted of:
 Answering questions, quoting Hadith, Tafseer,
Matters pertaining to Fiqh and many others
The Institute: The whereabouts
 To seek his knowledge people came hundreds or
thousands of miles from:
 Kufa
 Basra
 Qum
 Yemen
 Syria
 Egypt and many more
 Many made their home in Medina for the sake of
studying at Al-Saadiq’s hands
To seek his knowledge, they Hailed
from:
The Institute: The Students
 Students became Muj’tahid, many formed their own
School of Thought (Madh’habs):
 Abu Hanifa
 Anas Ibn Malik
 Sufyan Al-Thawri
 Ibn U'yainah
 Al-Aw'zaa'i
 Some of these Schools of Thought survived till today,
other perished after 1-3 centuries, for lack of government
support
The Institute: The Students
The core were Shi’a, close, devotees, special
1. They were the Special who wrote books, led
discussions, argued, the activists
2. The activists even practiced the technique of the way
to argue and to present their point of view
 Majority were not Shi'a, they were Aammah (general
public):
1. Some were scholarly whose teachings later formed
Madh’habs, such as Abu Hanifa and Malik
2. Others attended just to learn

Al-Saadiq argued with men of
Ideologies
Ideology
Their belief
 The Ghulaat
Exaggerationists
 Khariji
Deviators
 Murji'ah
Postpone it to God
 Mu'tazila
Theological Logic
 Jabriah
Absolute Predestination believers
 Qadariyah
Absolute Free-will believers
 The Zandeeqs
Agnostics
Of the 4,000 Al-Saadiq’s Students:
 Ibn Uqda in his book Al-Mu’tabar:
 Names the 4,000 student-scholars who attended the
institute
 Book (Al-Mu’tabar) was written at the end of the 2nd
Century H
 Ibn Uqda was Shafi’i
 Sahih Bukhari quotes 70 of Al-Saadiq’s student-scholars
 Al-Sihaah Al-Sittah quote 300 of Al-Saadiq’s studentscholars
 Names of these students are in Book Al-Ghadeer,
by Amini
The Institute of Ahlul Bayt
 Al-Saadiq: The Greatest Personality the 2nd
Islamic Century Produced
 4000 Scholars tutored
 The 400 Books of Usool
 Abu Hanifa and Malik ibn Anas
 Quranic Sciences and Tafseer
 Hadith and Ah’kaam
 Theological Logic, Philosophy, and other subjects
Subjects Taught
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The Quran and its Tafseer
Fiqh and Jurisprudence
Science of Hadith
Philosophy
Science of Kalaam
Chemistry
Biology
The study of Arabic Language
Seerah of the Prophet
encouraged his students to write and author books for
the benefit of others
Subjects of Discussions
Quran-Tafseer
Hadith
Philosophy
Seerah
Discussions
Arabic Language
Fiqh
Theological Logic
Chemistry
Noteworthy Students
 Abu Hanifa (Head of Hanafi Madh’hab)
 Malik ibn Anas (Head of Maaliki Madh’hab)
 Jabir ibn Hayyan (known as Geber in Europe)
 Wa’sil ibn Ata (Head of Mu’tazila)
 Hisham ibn Hakam
 Mu'min Al-Taaq
 Sufyan Al-Thawri (Head of his own Madh’hab)
 Al-Aw'zaa‘i (Head of his own Madh’hab)
 Ibn U'yainah
Al-Maaliki about Al-Saadiq
"I used to attend discourses given by Ja'far
Al-Saadiq, who most of the time had a
cheerful look and serene countenance, but
whenever the Prophet's (pbuh) name was
mentioned his color would immediately
change becoming pale in of awe Him.
I frequently attended his discourses over a
long period of time and often saw him either
praying, fasting, or reading the Holy Quran.
I never saw him talking about Allah's
Messenger (pbuh) without him being in a
state of Wudu.
Al-Saadiq never spoke about anything of no
concern to him.
Al-Saadiq was a pious and devout man,
who donated himself to Allah.
‫لقد كنت آتي جعفر بن محمد فكان‬
(‫سم فإذا ذُ ِكر النبي )ص‬
ُّ ‫كثير التب‬
،‫تغير لونه‬
‫وقد اختلفتُ إليه زمانا ً فما كنتُ أراه‬
:‫إال على إحدي ثالث ِخصال‬
‫إما مصليا ً وإما صائما ً وإما يقرأ‬
‫القرآن‬
ُ ‫وما رأيتهُ يُحد‬
‫ِث عن رسول هللا إال‬
‫وهو على طهارة وال يتكلم في ما ال‬
‫يعنيه‬
‫وكان من العباد الزهاد الذين يخشون‬
‫هللا‬
Ismah Emphasized
Ismah: Ayah of Tat’heer: Surah 33 : Ayah 33.
 Ahlul Bayt are to be obeyed, not just revered;
 Imamah: was of immense importance. A designated
Imam was Ma'soom, i.e., safeguarded by Allah from :
1. Religious error,
2. sin, and
3. forgetfulness.
 Those who ignore the Imamah will have ignored a basic
pillar in their faith.

Contemporary schools of thought
1. The Shi'a (Imamah-Asserters),
2. School of Ibn Abbas,
Numerous Piety-minded
communities were already
in existence; headed by
its leader called Aalim.
They were each active and
many were highly
influential. To mention just a
few there were:
3. School of Ibn Omar,
4. Murji'ah,
5. Khariji,
6. Mu'tazila,
7. Jabriah,
8. Qadariyah,
9. Jah'miyyah
10. Along with less important
others
Contemporary Khulafaa

During his Lifetime,
Al-Saadiq was
contemporary to the
Following Rulers of
Benu Umayya
Benu Marwan:
1. Abdul Malik son of Marwan
2. Waleed son of Abdul Malik
3. Suleiman son of Abdul Malik
4. Omar son of Abdul Aziz
5. Yazid II son of Abdul Malik
6. Hisham son of Abdul Malik
7. Al-Waleed grandson of Abdul Malik
8. Yazid III son of Al-Waleed
9. Ibrahim, son of Al-Waleed
10. Marwan the Ass, as named by the
people.
Select sayings of Al-Saadiq #1

Fear Allah as if you see Him:
1. For, if you do not see Him, He certainly sees you.
2. And if you think that He does not see you, you will
have disbelieved in Him.
3. And if you know that He sees you, yet you commit
disobedience, you will have disrespected His
overseeing you.
 The believer is good at helping others,
1. He is light of burden to others, and
2. A good manager of his livelihood,
3. And he sees to it that he won't get stung by a bad
experience more than once.
Select sayings of Al-Saadiq #2
 Islam is a definite rank. Faith is one rank higher than
Islam. Conviction is one rank higher than faith. People
have been given a rank lower than conviction.
 The desire for the worldly pleasures causes grief and
sadness. Abstinence from the worldly pleasures brings
about the serenity of both heart and body.
 He who gains oppression is not gaining welfare. He who
mistreats people should not complain when people
mistreat him.
 A Muslim always has three characteristics:
1. knowledge about the religion,
2. good management of life, and
3. perseverance in the faces of calamities.
Select sayings of Al-Saadiq #3
 When asked about eloquence Imam al-Saadiq answered:
Eloquence is to express the idea in as few words as
possible. The eloquent person is the one who attains his
demand in the most straightforward way.
 Fear Allah even if to some extent. Construct a screen
between Him and you even if transparent.
 Treat your fathers piously so that your sons will treat you
piously. Keep yourselves away from the strange women
so that your women will be chaste.
 Salutation is voluntary; while responding is obligatory.
 Shake hands, because this will confiscate malice.
Select sayings of Al-Saadiq #4
 We love those who are intelligent, knowledgeable,
perceptive, expert, clement, courteous, patient,
veracious, and loyal. Allah gave the noble characters
exclusively to the Prophets.
He who enjoys such characters should thank Allah for
them. He who does not enjoy them should supplicate to
Allah for them.
As he was asked about these noble characters, Imam
al-Saadiq said:
The noble characters are piety, satisfaction, patience,
gratitude, clemency, prudence, generosity, bravery,
enthusiasm, veracity, charity, fulfillment of the trusts,
conviction, good mannerism, and chivalry.
Select sayings of Al-Saadiq #5

Imam al-Saadiq said to his companion Mufaddal: I instruct you to
stick to six characters and relate them to my adherents – Shi’a.
1. You should fulfill the trust of him who entrusts you with anything.
2. You should like for your brother whatever you like for yourself.
3. You should know that every matter has an end; therefore, you
should beware of the outcomes of matters.
4. Similarly, every matter has a sudden event; hence, beware of
the sudden events.
5. Beware of climbing an easy mountain if its slope is uneven.
6. Never promise your brother of a matter that you cannot fulfill.
 People are equal like the teeth of a comb. With the support of his
brothers, a man can be regarded as great. No goodness is
expected in the friendship of those who do not like for their friends
whatever they like for themselves.
Imam Al-Saadiq dies

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
Imam Al-Saadiq died at the age of 65 years.
His Imamah was for 34 Years
His death was mourned by numerous people
He designated his son, Al-Kadhim, as the subsequent
Imam
 He handed Al-Kadhim the books constituting the Corpus
of Knowledge which Imam Ali had written before.
 Imam Al-Saadiq was buried in Al-Baqii, by the burial site
of his forefathers, the previous Imams
Picture of Al-Baqii Before & After
1925
Al-Baqii after it was destroyed
Al-Baqii before 1925
‫‪Ziyarah of Al-Saadiq in Baqi’i‬‬
‫علَ ْي ُك ْم أ َ ْه َل الت َّ ْق َوى‬
‫علَ ْي ُك ْم أَئِ َّمةَ ْال ُهدَى ال َّ‬
‫‪ ‬ال َّ‬
‫سالَ ُم َ‬
‫سالَ ُم َ‬
‫علَ ْي ُك ْم أَيُّ َها ْالقُ َّوا ُم فِي‬
‫علَى أ َ ْه ِل الدُّ ْنيَا ال َّ‬
‫‪ ‬ال َّ‬
‫سالَ ُم َ‬
‫علَ ْي ُك ْم أَيُّ َها ْال ُح َج ُج َ‬
‫سالَ ُم َ‬
‫ْالبَ ِريَّ ِة ِب ْال ِق ْس ِط‬
‫سو ِل َّ ِ‬
‫علَ ْي ُك ْم‬
‫اَّلل ال َّ‬
‫ص ْف َو ِة ال َّ‬
‫ال َّ‬
‫علَ ْي ُك ْم آ َل َر ُ‬
‫علَ ْي ُك ْم أ َ ْه َل ال َّ‬
‫سالَ ُم َ‬
‫سالَ ُم َ‬
‫سالَ ُم َ‬
‫أ َ ْه َل النَّ ْج َوى‬
‫ت َّ ِ‬
‫اَّلل َو ُك ِذ ْبت ُ ْم َوأ ُ ِسي َء ِإلَ ْي ُك ْم‬
‫صبَ ْرت ُ ْم فِي ذَا ِ‬
‫ص ْحت ُ ْم َو َ‬
‫‪ ‬أ َ ْش َهد ُ أَنَّ ُك ْم قَ ْد بَلَّ ْغت ُ ْم َونَ َ‬
‫فَغَفَ ْرت ُ ْم‬
‫ُون َوأ َ َّن َ‬
‫ضةٌ َوأ َ َّن‬
‫ُون ْال ُم ْهتَد َ‬
‫الرا ِشد َ‬
‫َوأ َ ْش َهد ُ أَنَّ ُك ُم ْاأل َ ِئ َّمةُ َّ‬
‫عت َ ُك ْم َم ْف ُرو َ‬
‫طا َ‬
‫الص ْد ُق‬
‫قَ ْولَ ُك ُم ِ‬
‫ع ْوت ُ ْم فَلَ ْم ت ُ َجابُوا َوأ َ َم ْرت ُ ْم فَلَ ْم ت ُ َ‬
‫عوا‬
‫طا ُ‬
‫َوأَنَّ ُك ْم دَ َ‬
Ziyarah of Al-Saadiq in Baqi’i









Peace be upon you O Leaders of Guidance; Peace be upon you O
Masters of Piety,
Peace be upon you O Proofs of Allah on the people of the earth;
Peace be upon you who were Steadfast in dealing with justice.
Peace be upon you O people of the Chosen One.
Peace be upon you the Family of the Prophet of Allah,
Peace be upon you O people whose souls converse to the Almighty,
I bear witness that you had Proclaimed and Advised and had
Persevered for the sake of Allah
And that you were belied and mistreated, yet you forgave
And I bear witness that you are the rightly guided leaders; and that
obedience to you is incumbent and that your speech is correct and you
had invited to the Truth but were not answered and you commanded
but were not followed……
Finally Let us Read Surah al-Asr Together
In the name of God: Lord of Mercy and Lord of
Grace
By the Eons of Time,
Verily Man is in loss, except:
those who believe and do good, and enjoin
one another to truth and enjoin one another
to patience.
‫ص ِر‬
ْ ‫َو ْال َع‬
‫سانَ لَ ِفي ُخ ْسر‬
َ ‫اْل ْن‬
ِ ْ ‫ِإ َّن‬
‫ص ْوا‬
ِ ‫صا ِل َحا‬
َّ ‫ع ِملُوا ال‬
َ ‫ِإ َّال الَّذِينَ آ َمنُوا َو‬
َ ‫ت َوتَ َوا‬
‫ص ْب ِر‬
َّ ‫ص ْوا ِبال‬
َ ‫ق َوتَ َوا‬
ِ ‫ِب ْال َح‬
Be in Allah’s Care
Thank you and May God Bless you.
Dr. A.S. Hashim