Transcript Ali up to Hijrah

Ali (a.s.)
Up to the Hijrah
A.S. Hashim, MD
From Wikipedia.com
Sources of Reference
ibn Jarir al-Tabari,
Ibn Qutaybah,
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali".
Madelung,
Encyclopaedia of the Holy Prophet and Companions
Tabatabaei,
Lapidus,
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward
Gibbon
Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
Dakake
Nahj Al-Balagha, Sermon 3
Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. Cambridge History of
Islam.
Watt, William Montgomery. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press.
In this Slide Show
Family Tree of Ali and Lineage
Place of Birth and the Naming
Acceptance of Islam
To Recognize the Truth
His Brother, Inheritor and Vicegerent
Ali at age 13 yrs
The Panorama of Ecstasy
The Panorama of Anguish
Migration to Medina
At Qu’baa, Ali welcomed by the Prophet
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
Brotherhood-in-Faith
Early life
Ali is born inside the Ka'ba
Ali is raised by Muhammad (pbuh)
Ali the First Male to embrace Islam
Youthful life in Mecca
Prophet chooses Ali to be in his bed as he
leaves Mecca to go to Medina
Family Tree of Ali
Ali's father was Abu Talib son of Abdul Mut’talib.
Abu Talib was the custodian of the Ka'ba
and a sheikh of the Benu Hashim, an important branch
of the eminent Quraish tribe.
Abu Talib was also an uncle of Muhammad.
Ali's mother was Fatima Bint Asad.
She belonged to Benu Hashim of Quraish too
This made Ali a descendant of Ishmael, the son of
Prophet Ibrahim or Abraham.
Lineage
Clan of Quraish
Benu Hashim
Father
Abu Talib
Ali
Clan of Quraish
Benu Hashim
Mother
Fatima Bint Asad
Lineage
Most records do indicate that during Muhammad's time,
Ali was the only person born in the Ka'ba sanctuary in Mecca, the
holiest place in Islam.
His father was Abu Talib ibn Abdul Mut'talib and
his mother was Fatima Bint Asad,
but Ali was raised in the household of Muhammad,
Previously Muhammad himself was raised by Abu Talib, his uncle.
When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation,
Ali was the first male to accept his message,
dedicating his life to the cause of Islam.
Place of Birth and the Naming
Many sources, including all Shi'a records,
attest that during Mohammad's time Ali was the only
person born inside the Ka'ba in the city of Mecca,
where he stayed with his mother for three days.
However, some sources contend that he was born
beside the Ka'ba rather than inside it.
According to a tradition, Muhammad was the first
person whom Ali saw as he took the newborn in his
hands.
Muhammad named him Ali, meaning "the exalted
one".
Ali was Born inside the Ka’ba
Ali was born inside the Ka’ba
Muhammad and Abu Talib
Muhammad had a close relationship with Ali's parents.
When Muhammad was orphaned and later lost his
grandfather (Abdul Mut'talib),
Ali's father, Abu Talib, took the 8 yr old Muhammad into his house.
He was like a member of the family.
Ali was born two or three years after Muhammad had married
Khadijah Bint Khuwaylid.
When Ali was a few years old,
a famine occurred in and around Mecca,
affecting the economic conditions of Ali's father, who had a large
family to support.
Muhammad took Ali into his home to raise him.
Acceptance of Islam
The second period of Ali's life begins in 610 when Ali declared
Islam at age 10 and ends with the Hijrah of Muhammad to
Medina in 622.
When Muhammad reported that he had received a divine
revelation,
Ali, then only about ten years old, believed him and professed to
Islam.
According to Ibn Ishaaq and some other authorities,
Ali was the first male to embrace Islam.
Tamara adds other traditions making the similar claim of being the
first Muslim in relation to Zaid or Abu Bakr.
Some historians and scholars believe Ali's conversion ought not to
be considered because he was a child at the time.
Yet the Prophet never asked any other child, other than Ali, to do
so (to convert), since in the eyes of the Prophet, Ali was uniquely
capable and mature for the task
Karram Allahu Wajhahu ‫كرم هللا وجهه‬
Shi'a doctrine asserts that in keeping with Ali's
divine mission,
he accepted Islam before he took part in any preIslamic Meccan traditional religion rites,
regarded by Muslims as polytheistic (shirk) or pagan.
Hence the Shi'a say of Ali that his face is honored
— that is, it was never sullied by prostrations before
idols.
The Sunnis also use the honorific term Karam Allahu
Wajhahu ‫كرم هللا وجهه‬, which means "God's Favor upon
his Face."
To Recognize the Truth
1. To know the person
of the Prophet
2. To evaluate the
Message
3. To believe in the
Message
In accepting Islam
5. To enthusiastically spread the
Message
4. To face the
consequences
The Most Worthy Endeavor
Conversion, and Hanif ‫حنيف‬
The reason his acceptance is often not called a
conversion,
is because Ali was never an idol worshiper like the people of
Mecca.
Ali was known to have broken idols in the mold of Abraham
and asked people why they worshiped something they made
themselves.
Ali's grandfather, it is acknowledged without controversy,
along with some members of the Benu Hashim clan, were Hanifs,
Hanif means followers of a monotheistic belief system, prior to the
coming of Islam.
With the Advent of Islam
For three years Muhammad invited people to
Islam in a confidential manner,
Many people thus converted to Islam but confidentially.
Then Muhammad was commanded by God to
start inviting to Islam publicly.
When, according to the Quran, he was
commanded to invite his closer relatives to come
to Islam
Muhammad gathered the Benu Hashim clan in a
ceremony.
Ali, still preteen, was among them
His Brother, Inheritor and Vicegerent
According to al-Tabari, Ibn Athir and Abu al-Fida,
Muhammad announced at invitational events that
whoever assisted him in his invitation would become his brother,
inheritor and vicegerent.
Only Ali, who was thirteen or fourteen years old, stepped forward
to help him.
This invitation was repeated three times,
but Ali was the only person who answered Muhammad.
Upon Ali's constant and only answer to his call,
Muhammad declared that Ali was his brother, inheritor
and vicegerent and people must obey him.
Hadith of Warning
Most of the adults present were uncles of Ali and
Muhammad,
and Abu Lahab laughed at them and declared to Abu Talib that he
must bow down to his own son, as Ali was now his Emir
This event is known as the Hadith of Warning.
During the persecution of Muslims and the boycott of 3
years of the Benu Hashim in Mecca,
Teenager Ali was involved and suffered in the boycott for 3 years,
yet he stood firmly in support of Muhammad.
Neither Abu Bakr, nor Omar, neither Uthman were involved in the
boycott or suffered by it.
Ali at age 13 yrs
To Declare Islam
Publicly, Muhammad
gives a Party to his
Relatives
Asking who would
support him in his task?
None volunteered
except the 13 Yr old Ali
Muhammad designates
Ali
Ali as designated by
Muhammad as:
1.the
deputy, and
2.the brother,
3.the one to
succeed him
At age 13 yrs
Muhammad asked in
the Party:
“Who would then
uphold me so that he
becomes:
My Brother, My Deputy, and
the One to Succeed me?”
‫فأيكم يؤازرني على هذا األمر‬
:‫على أن يكون‬
‫أخي‬
ِّ ‫ووصي‬
‫وخليفتي فيكم؟‬
Ali designated by Muhammad as:
the brother ‫أخي‬
the one to succeed ‫وخليفتي فيكم‬
the deputy ِّ ‫ووصي‬
The Panorama of Ecstasy
Ali was in ecstasy about:
The Quranic Revelations coming to the Prophet frequently
He knew of each revelation: meaning, time, place, and its chronological
order
About ¾ of the Holy Quran had been revealed by the Hijrah
Ali 10 yr old, happy to see Abu Bakr and many others embracing Islam.
The Prophet’s designation of 13 yr old Ali as his brother, deputy, the one
to succeed him.
Ali 16 yr old, and the conversion of the 27 yr old Omar to Islam
In high ecstasy about the Prophet’s Israa and Mi’raaj, Ali about 19 yrs old
In ecstasy and hope, Ali 23 yr old, happy about:
the agreement with the Ansaars for Muhammad to reside in Medina
and leave the hotbed of vindictive attitude against Islam by Quraish
The Panorama of Anguish
Ali was Anguished about:
The degrading treatment dealt to Muslims by Quraish.
The obsession of Abu Lahab against Muhammad.
The hurts dealt to Bilal and Ammar’s family.
His brother, Ja’far, and Muslims having to leave to Abyssinia.
The agony of the 3 Yr boycott, leading to the death of
Khadijah and
Abu Talib
The failure of Ta'if’s Mission.
The Quraish hegemony and vindictive attitude.
The danger for the very life of the Prophet in Mecca.
Migration to Medina
With arrangement and invitation of the Muslims of Medina,
Muhammad ordered Muslims of Mecca to migrate to Medina.
The migration began in batches. Ali was one of the very last to
remain in Mecca,
entrusted with responsibility for returning the Trusts to its owners,
and famously slept in the bed of Muhammad when the Quraish led
by Ikrima attempted to murder Muhammad as he slept.
Meanwhile Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad in his migration for
Medina.
Due to the danger of the Quraish, they did not take the direct road
from Mecca to Medina.
They moved instead in the opposite direction, and took refuge in a
cave in Mount Thaur some five miles south of Mecca.
Migration to Medina
In 622, the year of Muhammad's migration to Yathrib (now Medina),
Ali risked his life by sleeping in Muhammad's bed
to impersonate the Prophet and
thwart an assassination plot
so that Muhammad could escape in safety.
This night is called Laylatul Mabeet.
According to some Hadith, a verse was revealed about Ali
concerning his sacrifice on the night of Hijrah, which says,
‫ومن الناس من يشري نفسه ابتغاء مرضاة هللا‬
"And among men is he who sells his self
in exchange for the pleasure of Allah"
Laylatul Mabeet ‫ليلة المـبـيـت‬
Ali survived the plot,
but risked his life again by staying in Mecca to carry out
Muhammad's instructions:
to restore to their owners all the goods and properties
that had been entrusted to Muhammad for safekeeping.
Ali then went to Medina
with his mother Fatima daughter of Asad,
and Fatima daughter of Muhammad,
Fatima daughter of Hamza,
and Fatima daughter of Zubair,
having no guards or guides.
At Qu’baa, Ali welcomed by the Prophet
The Prophet waited for about two weeks in Qubaa,
Seeing Ali from a distance, the Prophet welcomes Ali and
the 4 Fatimas enthusiastically,
Ali was exhausted, for he had finished the journey of
about 300 miles, walking, in two weeks.
The Prophet was very happy for Ali,
Ali’s feet were swollen from the arduous walking, the 300
miles,
The family is safe in Medina, thanks to the Almighty.
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
In Medina, Muhammad decided to construct a
mosque immediately.
A piece of land was chosen and the price of the land
was paid for by Abu Bakr.
Uthman had also contributed toward the construction
Muslims constructed the mosque collectively
The Prophet himself participated in the
construction
Ali also took part in the construction.
Replica of al-Masjid al-Nabawi
al-Masjid al-Nabawi Nowadays
Brotherhood-in-Faith
When Muhammad arrived in Medina, he paired off
Each Meccan immigrant (Muhaajir) was to be with one of the
Muslim residents of the city (Ansaari),
He chose one exception: and that was to pair off himself with
Ali, since both were from Mecca, as Brothers-in-Faith
as Brothers-in-Faith was a unique distinction and honor for Ali.
The only two Muhajiroon were Muhammad and Ali as Brothers-in
Faith
Muhammad therefore fulfills the 1st pledge of the 3 points about
Ali:
the brother,
and the deputy,
and the one to succeed him:
‫ فاسمعوا له وأطيعوا‬، ‫إن هذا أخي ووصي وخليفتي فيكم‬
Ali up to Hijrah
1. Acceptance of Islam
2. His Brother, Deputy and Vicegerent
3. The Panorama of
Ecstasy
4. The Panorama of Anguish
5. Laylatul Mabeet ‫ليلة المـبـيـت‬
6. Brotherhood-in-Faith
Brief Review
Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: ‫;)علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب‬
was the cousin of the Prophet (pbuh)
and he was the son-in-law of the Prophet,
Ali Khilaafah was from 656 to 661.
Sunni Muslims consider Ali the fourth and final of the
Rashidoon (rightly guided Khalifa),
Shi'a Muslims regard Ali as the first Imam and consider
him and his descendants the rightful successors to
Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahlul
Bayt, the household of Muhammad.
This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim
community) into the Sunni and Shi'a branches.
Brief Review, Continued
Ali migrated to Medina shortly after Muhammad
did.
Once there Muhammad told Ali that God had ordered
him to give his daughter, Fatima, to Ali in marriage.
For the ten years that Muhammad led the
community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in
his service,
leading parties of warriors on battles,
and carrying messages and orders.
Ali took part in the early raids against caravans from
Mecca
and later in almost all the battles fought by the early
Muslim community.
Brief Review, Continued
In Muslim culture, Ali is respected:
for his courage, knowledge, belief, honesty, unbending
devotion to Islam, deep loyalty to Muhammad,
equal treatment of all Muslims, and for his generosity in
forgiving his defeated enemies,
and therefore Ali is central to mystical traditions in Islam
such as Sufism.
Ali retains his stature as an authority on:
Quranic exegesis, Islamic jurisprudence and religious
thought.
Ali holds a high position in almost all Sufi orders which
trace their lineage through him to Muhammad.
Ali's influence has thus continued throughout Islamic
history.
In Sermon 109, page 162,
Ali about Muhammad’s Look at Life
Muhammad disdained the pleasures of this
،‫صغَّ َر َها‬
َ ‫قَ ْد َحقَّ َر الدُّ ْنيَا َو‬
world. He held it in contempt.
‫ع ِل َم أ َ َّن‬
َ ‫ َو‬،‫َوأَ ْه َونَ بَ َها َو َه َّونَ َها‬
He realized that Allah intentionally kept it
ْ ُ‫ع ْنه‬
،‫اختِيَارا‬
َ ‫هللاَ تعالى زَ َوا َها‬
away from him but spread it out for others.
َ ‫س‬
،‫اح ِتقَارا‬
ْ ‫ط َها ِلغَي ِْر ِه‬
َ َ‫َوب‬
Therefore, Muhammad distanced it from his
،‫ع ِن الدُّ ْنيَا ِبقَ ْل ِب ِه‬
‫ض‬
‫فَأَع َْر‬
َ
َ
heart, banished it from his mind. He wished
َّ ‫ َوأ َ َح‬،َ‫ع ْن نَ ْف ِسه‬
َ ‫َوأ َ َم‬
َ ‫ات ِذ ْك َر َها‬
that its attraction be concealed from his eyes ‫ب‬
،‫ع ْي ِن ِه‬
َ ‫ع ْن‬
َ ‫يب ِزينَت ُ َها‬
َ ‫أ َ ْن تَ ِغ‬
so as neither garments nor hope for staying
‫ ْأو‬،‫ِل َك ْيالَ يَت َّ ِخذَ ِم ْن َها ِريَاشا‬
in it matters much.
‫يَ ْر ُج َوفِي َها َمقَاما‬
He conveyed from Allah the pleas,
Counseled his people, warning, but at the
‫ص َح‬
َ ‫بَلَّ َغ‬
َ َ‫ َون‬،‫ع ْن َر ِب ِه ُم ْعذِرا‬
same time calling them towards Paradise by
‫ َودَعا َ ِإلَى ْال َجنَّ ِة‬،‫ِالُُ َّمتِ ِه ُم ْنذِرا‬
giving the Good Tidings.
. ،‫ُمبَشِرا‬
In Conclusion
Ali from birth up to the Hijrah
Acceptance of Islam
His Brother, Inheritor and Vicegerent
The Panorama of Ecstasy
The Panorama of Anguish
Laylatul Mabeet ‫ليلة المـبـيـت‬
Brotherhood-in-Faith
Finally we quote the Quran:
By the Token of Time
Verily Man is in loss,
Except those who
believe and do good
works, and exhort one
another to Truth and
exhort one another to
patience.
ِّ ‫ِّب ْس ِّم‬
‫الر ِّح ِّيم‬
َّ ‫من‬
َّ ‫هللا‬
ِّ ‫الر ْح‬
‫ص ِّر‬
ْ َ‫َو ْالع‬
‫ان لَ ِّفي ُخ ْس ٍر‬
َ ‫س‬
َ ‫ِّإ َّن اِّالن‬
‫ع ِّملُوا‬
َ ‫ِّإال الَّ ِّذ‬
َ ‫ين آ َمنُوا َو‬
‫ق‬
ِّ ‫صا ِّل َحا‬
َّ ‫ال‬
َ ‫ت َوت َ َوا‬
ِّ ‫ص ْوا ِّب ْال َح‬
‫صب ِّْر‬
َّ ‫ص ْوا ِّبال‬
َ ‫َوت َ َوا‬
THANK YOU
Be in God’s Care
Dr. A.S. Hashim