Transcript Ch 6 - Clayton School District

Ch 6
● before Islam
● Life of Muhammed,
intro Islam 101
● Umayyads
● Abbasids
before Islam
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bedouin nomadic culture - camel caravans
clans
- clusters of tribal groups, depended on each
other in harsh environments (kinship)
sheyks - leader of clans, large herds, several wives
interclan rivalry - limited resources, slaves, battles
Mecca - trade city, Umayyad clan, Ka’ba
Medina - Muhammad, date palms, oasis, multi-clan
before Islam
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women w/ key economic roles (varied by clan)
men traveled, descent through female, initial
polygamy -> changed with more trade
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little material culture, mainly poetry
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religion of animism, polytheism
Islam 101
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CONTEXT
outside pressure - Byzantine (Rome) and Sassanids
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(Persia)
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monotheism - Christianity and Judaism in Mesopotamia
Muhammad - life of bedouin merchant
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raised by uncle into trading clan, caravan journeys
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married widow, Kadijah… inspired for deeper purposes
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revelations to him from Allah through angel Gabriel (Qu’ran)
Islam 101
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hijra fled to Medina, escape Umayyad (clan)
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pressures Quraysh (tribe), first year 622, with help of Ali
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628 - triumphant return to Mecca
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umma community of faithful, united tribes/clans
_________-
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zakat tithing)
morality, healed deep economic rifts (__________-
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accepted teachings of Christianity, Judaism
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added FIVE PILLARS
ISLAM 101 - 5 pillars
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faith - “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad
is his Prophet”
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pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
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fast during Ramadan
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zakat offering to the faith
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hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Ka’ba
Ka’ba before Islam
Ka’ba today
Umayyad expansion
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ARAB than Islam (few conversions)
empire - more __________
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Ridda Wars - Abu Bakr united Arabia, Syria, Mesopotamia
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Ridda
Wars - religious unity of Arabs, material gain
_________
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vulnerable Persians (Sasanian), decline Zoroastrianism
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stronger Byzantines, but…
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Arabs helped by smaller sects like Copts
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640 Arab expanse into Egypt, naval
and Nestorians
controls of Eastern Mediterranean
Umayyad expansion
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end of 7th century- intro central Asia
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early 8th - nw India, n Africa, Spain
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Poiters
732: __________
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Damascus - political capital, Arab minority
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mawali converts, didn’t gain benefits
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stopped by Franks in central France
still paid taxes (_________),
jizwa couldn’t be in military
dhimmi people of the book, accepted
___________:
Poitiers / Battle of Tours
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“A victorious line of march had been prolonged
above a thousand miles from the rock of Gibraltar to
the banks of the Loire; the repetition of an equal
space would have carried the Saracens to the
confines of Poland….Perhaps the interpretation of
the Koran would now be taught in the schools of
Oxford, and her pulpits might demonstrate to a
circumcised people the sanctity and truth of the
revelation of Mahomet.” Edward Gibbons
Poitiers
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According to Bernard Lewis, "The Arab historians, if
they mention this engagement [the Battle of Tours]
at all, present it as a minor skirmish,"[60] and
Gustave von Grunebaum writes: "This setback may
have been important from the European point of
view, but for Muslims at the time, who saw no
master plan imperilled thereby, it had no further
significance."
Umayyad Empire
Umayyad succession
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Abu Bakr - 1st caliph, 632-634, well connected, victorious
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3rd caliph, Uthman (Umayyad)- killed
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Sunni
________- selection of most qualified leader, Umayyad
Ali - cousin of Muhammad, young warrior
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took over after Uthman’s death, never gained favor of
Umayyad powerful, never punished Uthman’s murderer,
assassinated by Ummayads
Ali’s grandson, Husayn, lost at Karbala, 680 and promised
to resist Umayyad caliphate,Shi’a
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Sunni vs. Shia / Shiite
Hussein - lost at Karbala,
descendent of Muhammad
Umayyad women
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Qu’ran stressed moral aspects of marriage, banned
infanticide, legal divorce
hadiths (traditions) describe roles of women politics, scholarship, leading prayers
strict clothing and limits came later
Umayyad decline
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luxury lifestyle in ____________Damascus got away from
traditional teachings of Muhammad
frontier armies challenged caliph in 700’s
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Shi’a, Abbasids, mawali (converts w/o benefits)
Battle of River Zab, 750 - defeat of Umayyad
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most family members killed, one to Cordoba
(Spain)
• Will rule Southern Spain until 1400’s
Nice video review
Abbasid rise
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quickly turned on former allies like Shi’a
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accepted mawali, encouraged additional converts
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tax, slave exceptions; chance of jobs, schools
Baghdad
moved capital to _____________
wazier - chief administrator, represented increased
bureaucracy and organization
Abbasid power
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age of urban expansion, increased trade
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gov support for trade, repaid by merchants
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growth of mosques, palaces, schools
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recovered G and R learning, added Jewish experts
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Indian number system, Chinese inventions
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growth of artisan class, but still slaves = unskilled labor
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landownership dominated non urban majority
Abbasid empire
discussion - is it on the test?
misunderstandings