Transcript Chapter 10 notes - Plainview Schools

Muslim Civilizations
Chapter 10
622-1629
Page 302
Section 1
The Rise of Islam
• A. Bedouins were first Arab tribe to settle into
cities
• Muhammad was born around 570 AD
• Mecca- was a market town
– Many made pilgrimages to Mecca to visit Kaabaancient temple with statues of pagan gods
• Poor illiterate merchant- went into desert to
meditate
• Heard God calling him to be messenger of
God
• Was cast out of Mecca and went to Yathrib,
later called Medina
• Journey known as a Hijra
• There gained many followers
• Led Medinans against Meccans, won, and
destroyed idols at Kaaba, and rededicated it
to Allah
B. Teaching Islam
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Holy book- Quran
Priests not required to mediate
Place of worship called Mosques
5 pillars of Islam
– 1. Declaration of faith
– 2. Pray 5 times a day toward Mecca
– 3. charity
– 4. Fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan
– 5. Hajj- holy pilgrimage to Mecca if able
• Also Jihad- there are different definitions
– 1.
– 2.
• People of the book- Jews and Christians
believe in same God, but not his third
revelation according to Muslims
C. Way of life
• Sharia- body of law that interprets way
Muslims suppose to live
• Religion and criminal law not separated
– Break religious code, break the law
• Women also put in an inferior role to men,
but equal in God’s eyes
• Suppose to dress modestly??
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzMl57
M54KE
Section 2
Building a Muslim Empire
• A. Early challenges to Islam
– Muhammad did not name a successor
– Who would be the next caliph– Abu Bakr- Muhammad’s father in law becomes
caliph
– Consolidated his power and under next four
Caliphs, Islam spread to rest of Arab tribes
• Shiite Muslims believed Caliph had to be a
descendent of Muhammad
• Sunni’s were the compromise group believed
Caliph should be pious male from
Muhammad’s tribe
• Majority of Muslims are Sunnis
• Sufis- like nuns and monks, Muslim mystics
who travel spreading the faith
C. Umayyad Caliphs build Empire
• Ruled from capital in Damascus
• Spread the empire from North Africa to Spain
to Indus valley in India
• Treated conquered people well
– Could keep religion, just paid tax
– Restrictions were put on non-Muslims
• Umayyad became very wealthy
• Many thought they were moving away from
true Islam
D. Rise of the Abbasids
• Abu al-Abbas, descendant of Muhammad’s
uncle, defeats and kills all but one of Umayyad
family- 750
• Moves capital to Baghdad
• Allowed non-Muslims to hold important
official jobs
• Baghdad becomes more powerful and
beautiful then Constantinople
• Domes and Minarets-
E. Surviving Umayyad
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Flee to Spain
Set up new independent Muslim State
Brilliant courts and centers of learning
More tolerant
F. Muslim Decline
• 900’s, Seljuk Turks migrated from central Asia
• Although they converted to Islam, they took
over Abbasid empire
• Put their own Sultans in charge
• Stopped Christian Pilgrims from reaching holy
land- caused Crusades
• 1216 and 1258- Mongols invade area and sack
Baghdad
Section 3
Muslim Civilization
• A. Diverse Culture
– Muslim culture included Arab, Persian, Egyptian,
African, European, Mongol, Turk, and Indians
– Central location, built a very profitable trading
network connecting Asia with Africa and Europe
– Camels- boats of the desert
– Spread of idea and goods
• Manufactured goods high sought after
– Persian rugs, cotton from Egypt, leather, furniture,
glassware, and tapestries
• Abbasids organized massive irrigation projects
to make middle east more arable
– Drained swamps, built dams, reservoirs
• Social Mobility in Muslims society- could move
up in social rank
• Slavery existed, but discouraged and not near
as brutal as American slavery
B. Art, Lit, and Architecture
• Poetry- elaborate versus of chivalry, battles,
and glory
– Firdawsi- Book of Kings
– Omar Khayyam- The Rubaiyat
• Writings
– The Thousand and One Nights- tales
• Aladdin
• Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
– Calligraphy- the art of handwriting
• Art
– Domes decorated with geometric figures
C. Knowledge
• Centers of learning created in Baghdad, Cairo,
Cordoba, and Timbuktu
– Must be educated to study Quran
• Ibn Rushd- Put knowledge to test of reason
• Ibn Khaldun- scientific study of historyactually study historic events to understand
why things happened the way they did
• Mathematics
– Al-Khwarizmi- study of algerbra
• Medicine
– Compiled known knowledge of medicine
– Required doctors to pass tests
• Muhammad al Razi- chief physician in
Baghdad hospital
• Ibn Sina- Canon on Medicine- huge book on
medicine
• Cataract cure
• Treat body and mind
Section 4
India’s Muslim Empires
• A. The Delhi Sultanate
– Gupta empire falls, India is fragmented into many
kingdoms
– Hindu and Buddhist major religions
– Sultan Ghur defeats Hindu armies and made Delhi
his capital
– Lasted 1206-1526
– Muslim horse warriors faster and more mobile
than war elephants
B. Changes
• Sultans brought changes to Indian gov’t
– Increase trade
– Migration
– Center of learning
• Then in 1398- Mongol Tamerlane smashed
into Northern India and sacked Delhi
C. Muslims and Hindus clash
• Muslim conquest led to destruction of
Buddhists and Hindu temples
• Many differences in religion
• Muslim
– One god, much newer, no caste system
• Hindu
– Many gods, ancient religion, caste system
• Eventually- Hindu’s were allowed to practice
faith by paying a tax
• Rajahs• Many Indians would convert to Muslim
– No caste system
– Social mobility
• Nanak- a holy man, created new religion
called Sikhism- blended both religions
D. Mughal India
• 1526- Babur rides into India- Turkish/Mongol
• Swept away Delhi Sultanate dynasty• Akbar- Babur’s son, would extend the dynasty
much deeper into India
• Treated different religions much more fairly
E. Akbar’s successors
• Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan- Akbar’s
grandson- do honor his deceased wife
Section 5
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
• A. Ottoman Empire
– One of two empires to dominate the middle east
– Turkish speaking people migrating from Central
Asia
– Mehmet II finally Turk to capture Constantinople
after carrying boats across land
– Used Cannon to destroy the walls
– Renamed City Istanbul
B. Suleiman the Magnificent
• Golden age under this leader
• Extended empire
• Even threatened Europe
C. Ottoman Culture
• Men of sword• Men of Pen• Men of negotiation
• Other cultures and religions organized into
Millets
• Janizaries- elite fighting force
• Other religions paid taxes and turn over sons
to be converted and trained in Military
• After Suleiman’s death in 1566, empire would
decline but would not disappear until after
WWI
• Suleiman killed his two most able sons
D. Safavid Empire
• 1500’s, united parts of old Persian empire,
present day Iran
• Abbas the Great- expanded empire- called the
Shah
• Between Ottomans and Mughal empire in
India
• Was a Shiite Muslim and tolerated other
religions
• Built capital at Isfahan
• After Abbas death, empire declined
• Pressure from Ottoman, and internal Sunni
rebellion in Afghanistan caused empire to
collapse
• Qajars would take over Iran and move capital
to Tehran
• Still disputes between Shiites and Sunnis
today because of this empire