Transcript File

ISLAM BEGAN IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA, A SEMI-DESERT BETWEEN THE
RED SEA AND THE PERSIAN GULF, IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
IN THE EARLY 7TH CENTURY RIVAL TRIBES INHABITED
THE ARABIAN PENINSULA.
1
THERE WERE NOMADIC
BEDOUIN PEOPLE WHO LIVED
INLAND, THAT BELIEVED IN
THE SPIRITUALITY OF PLANTS,
ANIMALS AND NATURAL
ELEMENTS
ANIMISTIC
RELIGION
POLITHEISTIC
RELIGIONS
THE MOST IMPORTANT CITIES WERE
MECCA AND YATHRIB (MEDINA),
WHERE COMMERCIAL ROUTES MET
2
THERE WERE
TRIBES ON THE RED
SEA COAST THAT
SETTLED AND LIVED
FROM
AGRICULTURE AND
TRADE AND
PRACTISED
POLITHEISTIC
RELIGIONS.
THE ONLY THINGS THAT ALL ARABIAN PEOPLE HAD IN COMMON WERE
THEIR ARABIC LANGUAGE AND THE CULT OF THE BLACK STONE
A STONE WHICH
WAS WORSHIPPED
TOGETHER WITH
OTHER IDOLS IN THE
KAABA, A
SANCTUARY IN
MECCA
IN THE 7TH
CENTURY
MUHAMMAD
BROUGHT THESE
TRIBES TOGETHER
UNDER A COMMON
RELIGION: ISLAM
MUHAMMAD, THE PROPHET OF ISLAM, WAS BORN IN MECCA IN 570 AD AND
SPENT HIS YOUTH IN THE CARAVAN TRADE, AND TRAVELLING AROUND HE
LEARNT ABOUT THE IDEAS OF JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY
WHEN HE WAS FORTY YEARS OLD HE
RECEIVED A REVELATION FROM GOD
AND STARTED PREACHING A NEW
RELIGION, ISLAM, WHICH PROCLAIMS
SUBMISSION TO ONE GOD, ALLAH
IT WAS THE
ANGEL GABRIEL
WHO VISITED HIM
MUHAMMAD PROMOTED THE NEW
RELIGION, BUT IN 622 HE HAD TO
ESCAPE TO MEDINA (HE DENIED
POLITHEISM AND CONSIDEERD ALL THE
WHEN MUHAMMAD DIED MEN EQUAL…). THIS EVENT, CALLED
HIJRA (HEGIRA), MARKS THE
IN 632 NEARLY ALL THE
BEGINNING OF THE MUSLIM ERA
PENINSULA WAS ALREADY
UNDER MUSLIM CONTROL
AND MOST OF ITS
INHABITANTS HAD
CONVERTED TO ISLAM
AFTER MUHAMMAD´S HIS
REVELATIONS FROM ALLAH WERE
WRITTEN DOWN IN THE KORAN, THE
SACRED BOOK OF ISLAM
ISLAMIC LAW, OR
SHARIA, ALSO
PROCLAIMS THE
PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE,
TOLERANCE AND
UNITY
MUSLIMS, OR “BELIEVERS” MUST
ACCEPT THE FIVE PILARS OF AND
FOLLOW CULTURAL PRACTICES
INCLUDE ACCEPTING POLYGAMY,
NOT DRINKING ALCOHOL OR EATING
PORK, OR GAMBLIING
IT HAS FIVE KEY
RELIGIOUS
ACTIONS, WHICH
ARE CALLED THE
FIVE PILLARS OF
ISLAM
ISLAM IS A MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION THAT
SHARES SOME BELIEFS WITH JUDAISM AND
CHRISTIANITY. MUSLIM WHORSHIP FIGURES
FROM THE BIBLE, SUCH AS ABRAHAM,
MOSES AND JESUS, WHO ARE CONSIDERED
TO BE PROPHETS
1. THE DECLARATION OF FAITH
THERE IS NO MORE THAN ALLAH AND MUHAMMAD IS ALLA´S
PROPHET
2. DAILY PRAYERS
MUSLIMS PRAY FIVE TIMES A DAY FACIING MECCA
3. FASTING
DURING THE MONTH OF RAMADAM, MUSLIMS DO NOT EAT FROM
MORNING UNTIL NIGHT
4. CHARITY
THIS IS THE OBLIGATION TO HELP POOR PEOPLE
5. PILGRIMAGE
EACH MUSLIM SHOULD MAKE THE PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA ONCE IN
THEIR LIFETIME
AFTER MUHAMMAD´S DEATH (632), HIS SUCCESSORS TOOK THE TITLE
OF CALIPH (SUCCESSOR TO ALLAH´S MESSENGER).
THERE WAS A
PERIOD OF RAPID
EXPANSION AS
ISLAM SPREAD
BEYOND THE
ARABIAN PENINSULA
THIS EXPANSION WAS
MADE POSSIBLE DUE
TO THE FOLLOWING
FACTORS:
1. THE
DISSEMINATION
OF THE MUSLIM
FAITH
2. A POWERFUL,
ORGANISED ARMY
3. DESIRE FOR THE
BENEFITS THAT
COME AFTER WAR
4. THE WEAKNESS
OF THEIR
OPPONENTS
1
THE ORTHODOX CALIPHATE (632-661)
ALSO CALLED “THE RASHIDUN CALIPHATE” (THE RIGHTEOUS). DURING THIS
PERIOD MUHAMMAD´S SUCCESSORS WERE CHOSEN AMONG THE FAMILY
MEMBERS AND CLOSEST FRIENDS OF MUHAMMAD. THEY WERE GIVEN THE
TITLE OF CALIPH AND LIVED IN MEDINA. IN THIS PERIOD THE EMPIRE
SPREAD THROUGHOUT SYRIA, PALESTINE, EGYPT, NORTH AFRICA,
MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA
2
THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE (661-750)
THERE WERE MANY CONFLICTS
DURING THE RULE OF THE
FOURHT CALIPH ALI, WHO WAS
MUHAMMAD´S COUSIN AND
SON-IN-LAW. IN 661 THE
UMMAYAD FAMILY WAS
VICTORIOUS AND ESTABLISHED
A DINASTY
THE CAPITAL WAS CHANGED FROM MEDINA TO DAMASCUS. THE ARABIC
EMPIRE WAS AT ITS BIGGEST, EXTENDING THROUGHOUT THE NORTH OF
AFRICA, WESTWARDS TO IBERIAN PENINSULA AND EASTWARDS TO INDUS
VALLEY AND TUKESTAN
IN THE NORTH THE
TERRITORIES WERE
TAKEN FROM THE
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
IN 750, THE UMAYYADS WERE
DEFEATED BY THE ABBASID
FAMILY, WHICH CREATED A NEW
DINASTY
3
THE ABBASID CALIPHATE (750-1055)
THE ABBASID DINASTY DEPOSED THE UMAYYADS (EXCEPT IN THE IBERIA
PENINSULA…) AND MOVED THE CAPITAL TO BAGHDAD. AFTER THE CRETE
AND SICILY CONQUEST (827) EXPANSION ENDED AND INTERNAL CONFLICTS
STARTED
AT ITS HEIGHT, THE
THE ISLAMITIC EMPIRE WAS NO LONGER
MUSLIM EMPIRE
EXPANDING, BUT ITS RELIGION WENT ON
EXTENDED FROM THE
SPREADING INTO OTHER REGIONS. ISLAM
IBERIAN PENINSULA TO
BECAME A WIDESPREAD RELIGION IN CENTRAL
THE FRONTIER OF
ASIA, SOUTH-ASIA AND WEST AFRICA, EVEN
PRESENT-DAY INDIA
THOUGH THOSE REGIONS WERE NEVER
CONQUERED BY SLAMIC ARMIES
4
TURKS AND MONGOLS CONQUESTS
FINALLY THE TURKS CONQUERRED THE CALIPHATE IN 1055, BUT THE
ABBASID MONARCHY CONTINUED UNDER THE TURKS UNTIL THE MOGHULS
CONQUERRED BAGDAD IN 1258
DECLINE
THE CALIPHATE WAS A THEOCRACY AND
AN ABSOLUTE MONARCHY AS THE CALIPH
HELD POLITICAL, MILITARY AND
RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY
HIS MINISTERS WERE CALLED VIZIERS
AND HAD AUTHORITY OVER THE REST
OF THE CIVIL SERVANTS
THE EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED INTO GREAT
PROVINCES, CALLED EMIRATES, WHIC WER
RULED BY EMIRS WHO HAD
CONSIDERABLE POWER AND AUTONOMY
PROVINCES WERE DIVIDED INTO KORAS
THAT WERE CONTROLLED BY
GOVERNORS OR VALIES
JUSTICE WAS APPLIED BY KADIS, ACCORDING
TO THE SHARIA, THE ISLAMIC LAW
SOCIETY
Small group of Arabic
origin. Landowners and
important positions in
administration and
governing
ARISTOCRACY
Peasants, artisans and
merchants. Mawali were
those converted to Islam
and dimmies, those who
kept their religion
FREE PEOPLE
SLAVES
War prisioners or
bought by slaves traders
from Central Africa or
from Europe
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
AGRICULTURE
•Islamic economy developed an intensive agriculture, especially in
the fertile regions of its empire.
• They introduced new crops such as rice, citrus fruits, sugar cane and saffron.
•They developed irrigation throug the use of wells, water wheels and
ditches.
CRAFTWORK
• Craftmanship was especially developed in cities.
• Artisans worked in small workshops where they sold their products.
• They produced textiles (cotton and linen), pottery, carpets, leather goods
(cordovans), paper and glasses.
TRADE
• It benefited from the strategic position between Europe and the East.
• The land trade routes were crossed by caravans of camels and the maritime
routes by ships.
• Luxury products such as metals, silk, leather goods, textiles, salt, spices and
slaves were the most demanded.
BATHS
(HAMMAN)
SOUK
STOREHOUSE
MAIN
MOSQUE
FORTRESS
NEIGHBOURHOOD
MOSQUE OR
ALJAMA
ARRABAL
CITY WALLS
GATES
ENTRANCE TO THE MEDINA
MUSLIM CITY
MUSLIM CULTURE
Islam developed a brilliant civilization characterised by the
contributions from both the Arab culture as well as former
societies.
Muslims could expand a very original culture as a result of
mixing oriental and classical elements from conquered
people with their own culture: their religion and the Arabic
language.
Things that we have inherited from Muslims:
- Irrigation techniques - Arabic numerals
- New crops
- Oriental inventions
- Some Arabic words still in use
ORIENTAL INVENTIONS
MUSLIMS BROUGHT SEVERAL INVENTIONS THROUGH THEIR
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION FROM INDIA AND CHINA
GUNDPOWDER
DEFENSE
AND WARS
COMPASS
ASTROLABE
THEY PLAYED AN IMPORTANT
ROLE IN THE DEVELPMENT OF
NAVIGATION
PAPER
CULTURE AND
SCIENTIFIC
DEVELOPMENT
IMPORTANT CULTURAL ADVANCES
SCIENCE
MATHEMATICS
The y started the
use of zero and
the Arabic
numerals.
They invented
and improved
Arithmetic and
Trigonometry.
MEDICINE
They developed
advanced surgery
and anaesthesia
techniques.
They had come
down to us
thanks to the
work of two
renowed doctors:
Avicena and
Averroes
CHEMISTRY
ASTRONOMY
They invented the
still (distillery)
used in the
distillation of
alcohol.
They made
catalogues of
stars.
IMPORTANT CULTURAL ADVANCES
HUMANITIES
PHILOSOPHY
Muslims
translated many
works by Greek
and Roman
philosophers into
Arabic. These
translations
spread throught
the west from
ancient Persia,
India and China
GEOGRAPHY
AND HISTORY
They wrote
many travel
books and
made
descriptions of
the new lands
they
conquered
LITERATURE
MUSIC
They created
great libraries , as
in Baghdad,
Cordoba and
Cairo, and also
extraordinary
narrations such
as The Arabian
nights
They created new
instruments such
as the vihuela, an
early form of the
Spanish guitar
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS
1. POOR QUALITY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS: BRICK, WOOD,PLASTER AND TILES.
2. VERY SIMPLE EXTERNAL DECORATION OF THE BUILDING
WHY?
They didn´t pay attention to the
outside. It is not important, what
really matters is the inside
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS
3. The poor materials were covered with abundant decoration in marble, coloured tiles,
wood and plaster.
4.
5. There was also a play on light and
shadow, using stained glasses,
shutters and reflections on tiles.
The designs were usually decorations of
vegetables, geometric figures (tracery) and
inscriptions from the Koran (epigraphy or
calligraphy).
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS
6. A love of water can be seen in fountains, pools and waterfalls.
7. Islamic buildings were supported by
columns, pillars and horseshoe arches or
arches with decorative plasterwork.
8.
Buildings usually had flat, wooden
roofs. Some buildings had domes,
which were often richly decorated.
ISLAMIC BUILDINGS
MOSQUES
•
•
The mosque is the most important
buliding for Muslims. Its structure is
based on Muhammad´s house in Medina.
Mosques are also used as religious schools
and
political
appointments
were
proclaimed in the mosques.
PALACES
•
Palaces were where the caliphs lived. They
had a public area where the throne was
found and a private area, where the baths
and harem were found. All palaces had
beautiful gardens with fountains.
MOSQUE CHARACTERISTICS
THE MOSQUE IS A PLACE OF WHORSIP FOR FOLLOWERS OF ISLAM. ALL MOSQUES HAVE
THE SAME STRUCTURE WHICH IS INSPIRED BY MOHAMMAD´S HOUSE IN MEDINA.
1. A large courtyard sorrounded by a portico with a fountain to carry out the rite of
purification (ablutions).
2. A Chamber with columns where the
faithful pray. Also called a hall of prayer.
MOSQUE CHARACTERISTICS
3. One or several minarets from where
the faithful are called to prayer.
4. The mihrab, niche in the wall which
points the faithful toward Mecca and the
Koran is kept.
MOSQUE CHARACTERISTICS
5. The mimbar or pulpit, from where the
imam leads the prayers.
6. The main wall of the mosque, the
quibla, faces Mecca. The faithful kneel in
rows parallel to the kiblah wall.
PARTS OF THE MOSQUE
MINARET
MIHRAB
KIBLAH
HALL OF PRAYER
(HARAM)
COURTYARD
(SAHAN)
SUN CLOCK
FOUNTAIN FOR
ABLUTIONS (SIBIL)