Transcript Chapter 4: the Spread of Islam

CHAPTER 4: THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
SECTION 1 EARLY EXPANSION
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
What region did the Muslims first unify, and
who was the caliph who led this unification?
 What is religious tolerance, and how did the
Muslims practice it?
 Why were Baghdad and Cordoba important
cities?
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MUSLIM ARMIES CONQUER MANY LANDS
After Muhammad’s death, a man named Abu
Bakr was chosen to be the next leader of Islam.
 He was the first caliph, successor to
Muhammad, and was looked at as the highest
leader of all Muslims.
 Caliphs had to follow Muhammad’s example,
which meant ruling according to the Qur’an,
however, early caliphs turned out to be less
religious then Muhammad.
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BEGINNINGS OF AN EMPIRE
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Abu Bakr was a political and military leader, who
directed a series of battles against Arab tribes who did
not follow Muhammad’s teachings.
By his death in 634, he had made Arabia a unified
Muslim state.
Muslim armies went on to defeat Persian and Byzantine
armies in battle.
When Muslims conquered a region, they made treaties,
agreements, with the conquered peoples.
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The Pact of Umar was one of these.
Conquered people could not build places of worship or
dress like Muslims.
GROWTH OF THE EMPIRE
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Umayyad:
Many became early caliphs
 Capital was in Damascus
 Took over lands in Central Asia, northern India, and
North Africa.
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Battles with the Berbers
Slowed Muslim growth in the late 600s
 Berbers were native people to North Africa
 After years of fighting, many Berbers converted to Islam
and joined in the efforts to spread it.
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GROWTH OF AN EMPIRE
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Muslims invade Europe
Invade and conquer Spain in 711
 Moved into France but were stopped by a Christian
army near the city of Tours
 The Muslims who ruled Spain, Moors, would rule for the
next 700 years.
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Abbasids come to power
New ruling clan in 750
 Reorganized the government to make it easier to rule
such a large region.
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TRADE HELPS ISLAM SPREAD
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Merchants introduced Islam to India
 Although
many Indian Kingdoms remained Hindu,
coastal trading cities soon had large Muslim
communities.
 In Africa, many societies had both Muslim and
African customs, and many African leaders
converted to Islam.
 Between 1200 and 1600, Muslim traders carried
Islam as far east as Malaysia and Indonesia.
TRADE HELPS ISLAM SPREAD
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Products and Inventions
 Learned
from the Chinese how to make paper and
use gunpowder.
 New Crops such as cotton, rice, and oranges
arrived from India, China, and Southeast Asia.
 From Africa, new products such as ivory, cloves, and
slaves came into the region.
A MIX OF CULTURES
Muslims did not ban all religions other than
Islam in their lands,
 Jews and Christians had to pay a special tax.
 They also had to follow the rules of the treaties
governing conquered peoples.
 Many converted to Islam, began to speak
Arabic and adopted Muslim customs.
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THE GROWTH OF CITIES
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Baghdad
 Became
the capital of the Islamic Empire in 762
 Major trading center
 One of the world’s richest cities in the late 700s
and early 800s.
 Supported science and the arts
 Had
a hospital, an observatory, and a library/university.
THE GROWTH OF CITIES
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Cordoba
 Became
the capital of the Spanish Moors in 756
 Made textiles and jewelry
 By the early 900s, was the largest and most
advanced city in Europe.
 Had mansions, mosques, public water, and lighting
systems.
 Center of learning for Muslim men and women
 Center of Jewish culture, many held key jobs in the
government.
SECTION 2 MUSLIM EMPIRES
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
In the Mid-1200s Muslim Turkish warriors,
Ottomans, began to take land from the Christian
Byzantine Empire in modern day Turkey.
 Ruled lands from eastern Europe to North Africa
and Arabia.
 Key to expansion was the Ottoman Army
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Trained Christian boys from conquered towns to be
soldiers, Janissaries, who converted to Islam and were
fierce fighters.
 Also aided by gunpowder and cannons
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THE OTTOMANS EMPIRE
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In 1453, led by Mehmed II conquered
Constantinople.
 Became
known as “the Conqueror”
 Made Constantinople his new capital but changed
its name to Istanbul.
 Turned the Hagia Sophia into a mosque.
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Later sultans, Ottoman rulers, would conquer
Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and the cities of Mecca
and Medina.
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
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Suleyman I: empire reached its height (r. 15201566)
 “The
Magnificent”
 Took control of the eastern Mediterranean and
pushed into Europe.
OTTOMAN GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY
The sultan issued laws and made all major
decisions in the empire.
 Society divided into two classes:
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 Ruling
class: judges and advisors to the sultan
 Had
to be loyal to the sultan, practice Islam, and
understand Ottoman customs
 Other
Class: people who didn’t fit the previous
requirements.
 Many
were Jews and Christians.
OTTOMAN SOCIETY LIMITED THE FREEDOM OF
WOMEN
Had to live apart from men in an area of a
household called a harem.
 Kept women out of public life, however wealthy
women could still own property or businesses.
 Some could even use their money to build
schools, mosques, and hospitals.
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THE SAFAVID EMPIRE
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Persian Muslims who would come into conflict
with Ottomans over the Sunni/Shia
disagreement.
 Shia:
Muslims who thought that only members of
Muhammad’s family could become caliph.
 Sunni: Muslims who didn’t think caliphs had to be
related to Muhammad as long as they were good
Muslims and strong leaders.
THE SAFAVID EMPIRE
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Safavid Empire began in 1501 when Esma’il
conquered Persia and became shah, king.
 Made
the Shia the official religion of the empire
 Wanted to convert all Muslims to Shia, but was
defeated by the Ottomans, who were Sunni.
 Esma’il died in 1524 and the next leaders struggled
to keep the empire together.
SAFAVID EMPIRE
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‘Abbas became shah in 1588 and would
become the Safavid’s greatest leader.
 Strengthened
the military and modernized his
soldiers with gunpowder.
 Like the Ottoman’s, trained slave boys as skilled
warriors.
 Took back lands lost to the Ottoman’s and made
contributions to the Safavid culture and economy.
CULTURE & ECONOMY
Blended Persian and Muslim traditions
 Capital city of Esfahan was considered one of the
world’s most magnificent cities in the 1600s.
 Manufactured hand woven carpets, and textiles
made out of silk and velvet, ceramics and metal
goods.
 Lasted until the mid-1700s
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THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
East of the Safavid Empire in India
 Mughals were Turkish Muslims from Central
Asia.
 Founded by Babur or “Tiger”.
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 Tried
for years to make an empire in Central Asia
 When he didn’t succeed, he moved to northern
India.
 Established the Mughal Empire in 1526.
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
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Emperor Akbar: mid-1500s
Conquered many new lands and strengthened the
government.
 Believed that no single religion, even Islam, had all the
answers to life’s questions.
 Got rid of the tax on non-Muslims and invited Hindus to
be part of the Mughal government.
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When Akbar died, new emperors changed his
tolerant policies and made the people obey strict
religious laws.
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Non-Muslims were persecuted and forced to pay taxes.
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
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Cultural Achievements
 Persian
and Indian cultures blended to form the
Mughal culture.
 Language, building design, and clothing were
blended.
 The
Taj Mahal was built between 1631 and 1647 by
Akbar’s grandson Shah Jahan for his wife.
SECTION 3 CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
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Astronomy
 Studied
time and clock making
 Improved the astrolabe, which charted the stars
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Geography
 Ibn
Battutah: traveled to Africa, India, China, and
Spain in the 1320s
 Made more accurate maps and better ways to
calculate distance.
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
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Math
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Combined the Indian number system with the Greek number
system
Created al-jab, “algebra”
Medicine
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Created tests for doctors to pass before they could treat people
Made encyclopedias of drugs with descriptions of each drug’s
effects.
Wrote descriptions of diseases
Started the first pharmacy school to teach people how to make
medicines
The first public hospital was built in Baghdad.
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
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Philosophy
 Sufism:
teaches that people can find God’s love by
having a personal relationship with God.
 Sufis: person who practices Sufism.
LITERATURE AND THE ARTS
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Literature
 Poetry
and short stories
 Omar
Khayyam: Sufis poet who wrote about faith, hope,
and other emotions.
 A Thousand and One Nights
Sinbad the Sailor
 Aladdin
 Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves
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LITERATURE AND THE ARTS
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Architecture
 Mosques:
originally modeled after Muhammad’s
house in Medina, began to become more elaborate
and decorative.
 Include:
 Great
Hall: Huge hall where people gather to pray.
 Dome and Minaret: narrow tower from which Muslims
are called to prayer.
 Great
mosques were built in Istanbul, Mecca, Cairo,
Baghdad, and Cordoba.
LITERATURE AND THE ARTS
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Art
 Muslims
think only Allah can create humans and
animals or their images.
 As a result, most Muslim artists didn’t include
people or animals in their works.
 Calligraphy: decorative writing
 Made
sayings from the Qur’an into great works of art that
they could use to decorate mosques and other buildings.
MUSLIM SCHOLARS, LEADERS, &
ACHIEVEMENTS QUIZ
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1. This scholar traveled to Africa, India, China, and Spain in the 1320s.
2. This scholar proved that land did not go all the way around the Indian Ocean.
3. This scholar wrote a math textbook on what would later become algebra.
4. This achievement teaches that people can find God’s love by having a personal
relationship with God.
5. This scholar was also known as Avicenna and wrote a medical encyclopedia.
6. This achievement was most dramatically displayed through calligraphy.
7. This leader got rid of the tax on non-Muslims and invited Hindus to be part of his
government.
8. This leader was given the nickname “the Magnificent” and was the greatest
Ottoman sultan.
9. This scholar discovered how to diagnose and treat the deadly disease of smallpox.
10. This achievement was displayed by the use of astrolabes and observatories.