Transcript qur`an from revelation to compilation

QUR’AN
FROM REVELATION TO COMPILATION
Agenda
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What is Qur’an & its Obligation
Phases of revelation
Collection & Compilation
Script of Usman (R)
Comparison from today’s copies of Qur’an
Later developments
Units of Quran: Surah, Ayah, Ruku
Conspiracy of Orientalists
Rebuttal
Issues caused by others
What is Qur’an
• Word or speech of Allah It is the last Book of Allah sent
for the guidance of humanity through the last Prophet,
Muhammad, peace be upon him (PBUH).
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Preserved till eternity
Protection is guaranteed by Allah
Original Qur'an is in Looh-e-Mahfooz (85: 21-22)
We have a replica of Qur’an
• Ref. in Qur’an:
Kitabin-Muknoon – “The hidden book”(56: 77-78)
Ummi al-Kitab - “The Mother of the Book”
Kitabun Mubin – “Manifest Book” (6: 59; 10:61; 11 :6)
Phases of Revelation
ARSH ALA
LOOH-E-MAHFOOZ
Phase 1:
Night of Qadr – 610 C.E
Ref: Surah Qadr
SEVENTH HEAVEN
Phase 2:
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
Bit by bit,
Ayah by Ayah,
Surah by surah
23 years
1st wahi: 610,
1st 5-Verses of S. Alaq
Cave Hira (Jabale-Noor)
Collection and Compilation - 1
• Lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (S) – 570 - 632
Hifz – memorization
As-hab sufa
Scribes – Katib-e-wahi
Bones, Clay, Papyrus
Not in book form
Ibn 'Abbas says the Prophet said, "Gabriel taught me to
read the Qur'an in one dialect, and when I recited it he taught
me to recite it in another dialect, and so on until the number of
dialects increased to seven."
(Mishkiit, book ii. ch. ii.)
Collection and Compilation - 2
INSTITUTION OF HIFZ
• Life time of Khalifas
Khalifa Abu Bakar (R)
Battle of Yumamah Death of Huffaz First Book form w/i 2yrs Copy with Hafsa (R)
Khalifa Umar (R)
Tradition to recite Quran in Taraveeh in Jamat
Khalifa Usman (R)
Agreed upon script Vocalization per Quraish tribe
Old Manuscripts of Qur’an
Manuscripts dating to Khalifa Usman
UNESCO has launched the Memory of the World Program
Tashkent
Some old manuscripts
Use of red dots as
vocalization signs
Old Manuscripts
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No vocalization signs
No differentiation between letters
No Surah headings
No Verse numbering
No Ruku divisions
No Juz divisions
No description of Meccan/Medinite surahs
Later developments in manuscripts
• Dots were put as syntactical marks by Abu Al-Aswad
Al Doaly, during the time of Mu'awiya Ibn Abu Sufian
(661-680 CE). ?
• The letters ( , , kha etc.)were marked with
different dotting by Nasr Ibn Asem and Hayy ibn
Ya'amor, during the time of Abd Al-Malek Ibn
Marawan (685-705 CE).
• A complete system of diacritical marks (damma,
fataha, kasra) was invented by Al Khaleel Ibn Ahmad
Al Faraheedy (d. 786 CE).
More Later Developments
 Vocalization signs
Short and long vowels
 Hamza
 Aya markings
 Development of Different scripts: Kufic, Sulus, Naskh …..
 Art of Book binding
 Use of gold in coloring
• Most recent developments:
Tajweed quran
Ipod
It is extremely difficult to render the full Qur’an,
with all the points, in computer code, such as Unicode.
The Internet Sacred Text Archive makes computer files
of the Qur’an freely available both as images[92] and in
a temporary Unicode version.[93] Various designers and
software firms have attempted to develop computer fonts that
can adequately render the Qur’an.[94]
Surah
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SURAH IS NOT CHAPTER
Names
Tasmiah
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Only Surah without Tasmiah
Total # of Surahs:
First complete Surah reveled:
Last complete Surah revealed:
Surah has ayah
Longest Surah:
Shortest Surahs:
Order of Surahs
Makki portion (ya ayyu han nas)
Madani portion
Surahs in pairs (same theme)
Story of Adam & Iblis comes in 7 surahs
Either divine or assigned by Prophet
Not part of Surah except S. Fatiha
S. Taubah
114 Surahs
S. Fatiha
S. An Nasr
S. Baqrah (286 ayah)
S. Kouser, S. Nasr, S. Asr (3 ayah)
Does not follow the order of revelation
610 – 622 ( 2/3 of whole Quran)
622 – 632 ( 1/3 of Quran)
S. Falaq & S. Naas
Ayah
• AYAH IS NOT VERSE OR SENTENCE
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Some ayah have names i.e. Ayatal Kursi, Ayat al Birr
Ayat could be letters Ya Seen, Alif Lam Meem
Ayat could be words Wal Asr
Number of ayas:
6200 – 6666
Abrogated verses
Prostration verses
Comparison of Quran with a worldly book
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Unique style
Deemed either poetry or prose - mixture of both
The Quran is inimitable
Not arranged in order of revelation – pondering
Cannot be compared with a worldly book for
scholarship
Grouping
• Makki and Madani Surahs
• 7 Manzil ( present during Prophets time)
S. Fatiha not included
Approximately equal in length
Surahs not broken
• 30 Paras (later time ?)
Surahs broken
Orientalist conspiracy against Qur’an - 1
• THE CODIFICATION OF THE QUR'AN TEXT,
Jam’al Qur’an, John Gilchrist
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“The Samarqand and Topkapi codices are obviously two of the oldest sizeable
manuscripts of the Qur'an surviving but their origin cannot be taken back earlier
than the second century of Islam. It must be concluded that no such
manuscripts of an earlier date have survived. The oldest manuscripts of the
Qur'an still in existence date from not earlier than about one hundred years
after Muhammad's death”.
Orientalist conspiracy against Qur’an - 2
• Other secular scholars, such as Dr. John Wansbrough and
his students Michael Cook and Patricia Crone, were less
willing to attribute the entire Qur'an to Muhammad, arguing
that there is no real proof that the text of the Qur'an was
collected under Uthman, since the earliest surviving copies
of the complete Qur'an are centuries later than Uthman.
(The oldest existing copy of the full text is from the ninth
century The Holy Qur'an, bbc.co.uk, retrieved April 02,
2006.) They alleged that Islam was formed slowly, over the
centuries after the Muslim conquests, as the Islamic
conquerors elaborated their beliefs in response to Jewish
and Christian challenges
JW: Born in Peoria (1928 – 2002) - This line of research was investigated in Egypt by Nasr Abu Zayd but
he was expelled from Egypt because of his conclusions about the Qur'an.
Orientalist conspiracy against Qur’an - 3
• The anti-traditionalist banner dropped by Crone and
Cook has been taken up by scholars such as
Christoph Luxenberg and Abraham Geiger, both of
whom support claims for a late composition of the
Qur'an, and trace much of it to sources other than
Muhammad. Luxenberg in particular is well-known
for his claims that the Qur'an is merely a re-working
of an earlier Christian text, a Syriac lectionary.
Orientalist conspiracy against Qur’an - 4
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In 1972, during the restoration of the Great Mosque of San'a, in
Yemen, laborers stumbled upon a "paper grave" containing tens
of thousands of fragments of parchment on which verses of the
Qur'an were written. (Qur'ans were and still are disposed thus, so
as to avoid the impiety of treating the sacred text like ordinary
garbage.) Some of these fragments were believed to be the oldest
Quranic texts yet found.
The European scholar Gerd-R. Puin has studied these fragments
and published some preliminary findings. The variations from the
received text that he found seemed to match minor variations in
sequence reported by some Islamic scholars, in their
descriptions of the variant Qur'ans once held by Abdallah Ibn
Masud, Ubay Ibn Ka'b, and Ali, and suppressed by Uthman's
order.Observations on Early Qur'an Manuscripts in San'a The
Qur'an as Text, ed. Wild, Brill, 1996 ISBN 9004103449.
Orientalist conspiracy against Qur’an - 5
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According to the Catholic Encyclopedia Koran, by Gabriel Oussani, The
Catholic Encyclopedia, retrieved April 13, 2006, the text in the Qu'ran is traced
to six sources:
1). The Old Testament canonical and apocryphal and the hybrid Judaism of the late rabbinical
schools. During Muhammad's time the Jews were numerous in many parts of Arabia, especially around
Medina. Later Judaism and Rabbinism are equally well represented Geiger, "Was hat Mohammed aus
dem Judenthum aufgenommen?", Wiesbaden, 1833; tr. Judaism and Islam, Madras, 1898 What the Koran
Really Says: Language, Text, and Commentary, edited and translated by, Ibn Warraq, Prometheus
Books, 2002, 600 pages, ISBN 157392945X.
2). The New Testament (canonical and apocryphal). On his journeys between Syria, Hijaz, and
Yemen, Muhammad had opportunity to come in close touch with Yemenite, Abyssinian, Ghassanite, and Syrian
Christians, especially heretic. (See Muir, op. cit. infra, 66-239; Tisdall, "The Original Sources of the Qur'an", London,
1905, 55-211)
3). Sabaism, a combination of Judaism, Manicheism, and Babylonian polytheism.
4). Zoroastrianism. One suggestion of Zoroastrianism's influence on Islam is based on the conclusion
by the Jewish orientalist, Ignaz Goldziher, in his book "Islamisme et Parsisme" I. Goldziher, "Islamisme et
Parsisme", Revue De L'Histoire Des Religions, 1901, Volume XLIII, pp. 1-29., that the incident of Isra and
Mai'raj in Islam (Muhammad's ascension to the heavens) finds resemblance to the Iranian "Divina
Commedia" called Arda Wiraz Namag. Ibn Warraq quoted the Christian missionary, Tisdall, on this,
claiming that the book Arda Wiraz Namag was composed 400 years before Muhammad.:However, the
scholars of Persian studies believe that Arda Wiraz Namag was redacted finally in 9th-10th centuries CE,
at least a century after the advent of Islam Arda Wiraz Namag (Iranian "Divina Commedia") And The
Prophet's Night Journey, by M S M
Orientalist conspiracy against Qur’an - 6
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In 1972, during the restoration of the Great Mosque of San'a, in Yemen, laborers
stumbled upon a "paper grave" containing tens of thousands of fragments of
parchment on which verses of the Qur'an were written. Gerd Puin was the head of a
restoration project commissioned by the Yemeni government who spent a significant
amount of time examining the ancient Qur'anic manuscripts discovered in Yemen in 1972.
Puin's research supports the conclusions of John Wansbrough and his pupils that the
Qu'ran as we know it does not date from the time of Mohammad. Puin is said to be
working on a book on the Sana'a manuscripts, which may clarify the seeming gap
between his statements to the Atlantic Monthly and his published academic
scholarship
Orientalist conspiracy against Qur’an - 7
• Having studied early Quran manuscripts John
Gilchrist states: "The oldest manuscripts of the
Quran still in existence date from not earlier than
about one hundred years after Muhammad's death."
("Jam' Al-Qur'an", page 153) He comes to this
conclusion because two of the oldest manuscripts,
the Samarqand and Topkapi codices are both written
in the Kufic script. It "can generally be dated from the
late eight century depending on the extent of
development in the character of the script in each
case." (Ibid. page 146)
Rebuttal that Qur’ans from
the 1st century are available
1.
There has been a polemic going on that the Qur'an does not have manuscripts from the first
century of hijra. However, this is not true. Many fragments of early Qur'anic manuscripts were
shown by Orientalists notably Nabia Abbott in her work The Rise of the North Arabic script and its
Kur'anic development, with a full description of the Kur'an manuscripts in the Oriental Institute
(1939, University of Chicago Press). There she discusses some of the Quranic manuscripts, dated
from second half of the first century hijra onwards, at the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago.
The aim of this page is to highlight some of the early Qur'anic manuscripts to refute the claim that
the Qur'an lacks manuscripts from the first century of hijra.
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The UNESCO, an arm of the United Nations, had compiled a CD containing some of the dated San`a'
manuscripts as a part of "Memory of the World" programme. In this CD there are more than 40
Qur'anic manuscripts which are dated from 1st century of hijra, one of them belonging to early 1st
century. More than 45 manuscripts have been dated from the period 1st / 2nd century of hijra. We will be
showing only a few examples below.
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In the last century, an Institute of Munich University in Germany collected FORTY-TWO
THOUSAND copies of the Holy Qur'an including manuscripts and printed texts produced in each
period in the various parts of the Islamic World. Research work was carried out on these texts for
half a century, at the end of which the researchers concluded that apart from copying mistakes,
there was no discrepancy in the text of these forty-two thousand copies, even though they
belonged to the period between the 1st Century Hijra to 14th Century Hijra and had been procured
from all parts of the world. This Institute, alas! perished in the bombing attacks on Germany during
World War II, but the findings of its research project survived
Orientalist conspiracy against Qur’an - 8
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Versions Of The Qur'an? M S M Saifullah
© Islamic Awareness, All Rights Reserved.
Last Updated: 15th January 2002
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Jochen Katz wrote:
1) How many 'versions' of the holy Quran is there today?
At least two, probably more (I am pretty sure about the third
one, but can't prove it yet, so I am not going to say where and
what just yet), but it is common knowledge that the Hafs text and
the Warsh text (mainly used in Northwest Africa) are different not
only in the vowels but also in some consonants. The differences are
small, but they are there. And both of them are for sale and in use today.
Hafs is the much more common one. The third version I have heard
about has by far more substantial differences in comparison to the
other two. For the Warsh and Hafs differences see a few examples
at: http://answering-Islam.org/Quran/Text/warsh.html
Br. Saifullah’s response
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Saifullah: It has become a standard method of deception by Christian
missionaries like Jochen Katz to superficially project issues that have
been exhaustively addressed by both Muslims and Orientialsts, as we will
see soon, inshallah. These missionaries are well aware of the difference
between a transmission and a text (to be discussed in detail below). Yet,
they intentionally replace one with the other in order to give the false
impression to lay readers that the Qur'an exists in different texts. Thus, in
order to address the questions of Hafs and Warsh, we would like to
sincerely thank brother Moustafa Mounir Elqabbany from Canada and
brother Muhammad Ghoniem from France, for providing valuable
references. May Allah reward them profusely for their kind help.
Conclusions: In light of the above discussion, it is clear that Hafs and Warsh Qirâ'ât are not
the different 'versions' or 'texts' of the Qur'an as fantasized by missionary Katz. The “mutawatir”
follows directly to the Companions of the Prophet(P) who took the Qur'an from the Prophet(P)
himself. Thus, the suggestion that a “mutawatir” reading was a later invention by the Muslims
is to be dismissed as complete fiction.
This is a well known
And Common mushâf
of the Qur'an printed
in the Saudi Arabia.
They have adopted the
Hafs Qirâ'a.
Hafs is the most common
type of Qirâ'a used in
the Muslim world.
This is a mushâf
From Algeria with
the riwaya of Warsh.
It is important to note
that all the masahif
are written in rasm
al-'Uthmani. Also
notice the Qaf written
with one dot on top in
Maghribi script!
The Qur'an in the
riwaya of ad-Dûrî
from Abî cAmrû.
This mushâf is
from Sudan.
The riwaya Qâlûn
from Nâfîc.
This mushâf is
published in
Tunisia by
ad-Dâr at-Tunissia
Lilnashr.
Yet another mushâf
in the riwaya of
Warsh.
This is printed in
Morocco.
Issues caused by Muslim scholars -1
• Mu'tazilite Philosophy
• Eternal or created in time
• Abbasid caliph, al-Ma'mun, raised Mu'tazilah doctrine to the
status of the state creed. On one occasion the eminent Sunni
scholar and founder of one of the four orthodox jurisprudential
schools, Ahmad b. Hanbal (d.855), was subjected to flogging
and imprisonment for his refusal to subscribe to the Mu'tazilite
doctrine that the Qur'an was created in time. The issue of
whether the Qur'an is eternal or created was one of the crucial
controversies among early Muslim theologians. Mu'tazilis
believe it is created while the most widespread varieties of
Muslim theologians consider the Qur'an to be eternal and
uncreated.
Issues caused by Muslim scholars -2
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The Sheeahs (Shi'ahs) of later times, indeed, pretend that Othman
left out certain Suras or passages which favoured Ali. But this is
incredible. He could not possibly have done so without it being
observed at the time; and
Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn
• Some early Islamic histories recount that as Muhammad was
reciting Sūra Al-Najm (Q.53), as revealed to him by the angel
Gabriel, Satan tempted him to utter the following lines after
verses 19 and 20 :"Have you thought of Allāt and al-'Uzzā and
Manāt the third, the other; These are the exalted Gharaniq,
whose intercession is hoped for." The Allāt, al-'Uzzā and Manāt
were three goddesses worshiped by the Meccans. These
histories then say that these 'Satanic Verses' were repudiated
shortly afterward by Muhammad at the behest of Gabriel.[25]
Issues caused by Muslim scholars-3
• Satanic verses, a group of alleged Qur'anic verses
that allowed for prayers of intercession to be made to
three pagan goddesses: Allat, Uzza, and Manat.
Reported by well known muslim historians (Tabari).
• Salman Rushdies book (88)