Transcript Muslim - dbalmshistory

Islam and
Geography
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Deserts
• Only a small strip of fertile land in
south of Saudi Arabia
•Few oases
•The rest is Desert
Bedouins
• Nomads who live in the
desert
• Organized into tribes
and clans
– Clans give security and
support since they live
in extreme conditions
– Defended themselves
from other clans who
wanted water, grazing
territory, livestock or
food supplies
Islamic Way of Life
• Bedouin valued
–Courage
–Loyalty to
family
–Warrior skills
• This would lead to
Islamic way of life
Trade Routes
• Many trade routes connected
Arabia to major ocean and land
trade routes
–Extreme south of the peninsula
–To the Byzantine in the north
–Caravan routes went to the Silk
Roads in the east
–Transported spices to the west
Mecca
• Located in Saudi Arabia
• Important stop on trade routes
• During holy months, caravans
stopped in Mecca and this
brought religious pilgrims who
came to worship at the Kaaba
Kaaba
* Over the years
many different
gods and spirits
were introduced
here
• Had over 360
idols brought by
many tribes
The
Spread Of
Islam
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
100%
Islam
Crisis
• Muhammad dies in
632
• Muslims now had
to find a new
leader
• Muhammad did not
name a successor
Solution
• Muslims chose AbuBakr who was a
loyal friend of
Muhammad
• He became the first
Caliph
• Caliph – (kay-lif)
means successor or
deputy
Abu-Bakr
• After Muhammad died some
Muslims
– Refused to pay taxes
– Tried to say they were prophets
themselves
– Some tribes abandoned Islam
• In order to get things under
control, Abu-Bakr used the
military to get authority.
Muslim State
• By the time Abu died, the Muslim state
controlled all of Arabia
• Under the next 2 caliphs they took:
– Syria
– Lower Egypt
– Parts of Persia
• By 750 they controlled from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Indus River (2x the width of
the USA!!)
Muslim Troops
• They were successful
because they were
– Willing to struggle till
the end for Islam
– Well disciplined
– Expertly commanded
• Enemies were not
used to their style of
warfare
Byzantine and Persia
• The Byzantine and Persia were already
weak from long time conflicts
• The people welcomed Islam
Treatment of
Conquered
People
• Muslims were tolerant of conquered
people
• The Quran forbids forceful conversion
–They let others keep their religion if they
paid a poll tax
–People who did not convert were not
allowed to spread their own religions
The Spread Of
Islam 2
100%
Islam
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Internal Conflict
• The 2 Caliphs
after Abu Bakr
were assassinated
• After their
assassinations,
the elective
system of
choosing caliphs
ended
Umayyads
• A family that came
to power in 661
• They set up a
hereditary system
of getting new
leaders.
• They moved the
Muslim capital to
Damascus
Umayyads
• Surrounded
themselves with
riches
• Some Muslims
did not agree
with the
Umayyads and
split.
The Split
• Muslims split into two groups:
SHI’A
• Believe the leader should be a
relative of Muhammad
SUNNI
• This group followed the Umayyad
rule and followed Muhammad’s
example.
Sufi
• Another group who
reacted against the rich
life of the Umayyads
• They led a life of
poverty and devotion
to the spiritual life of
Islam
• They meditated and
chanted
• Focused on the Quran
Muslim
Achievement
Cultural Contributions
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Muslim Architecture
Cultural Diffusion
• It is in Architecture that the greatest
cultural blending can be seen
• Already existing buildings were
modified by Islamic Ideals
• Islamic Features:
–Multi-lobed interwoven arches
–Domes
–Minarets
–Large courtyards
Multi-lobed interwoven arches
Domes
Dome of the Rock
• Located in Jerusalem
• Rock in the center is believed to be the
spot from where Muhammad ascended
(rose)
up to
Heaven
Minarets
• Towers built
from where
Muslims are
called to
prayer 5
times a day
Large Courtyards
Mosaics
• Artwork created
using tiny pieces
of colored glass
tiles
• Muslims use
mosaics to
create
geometric
decorations on
Mosques
Arabic Alphabet
• Arabic was first
used to translate
the context of the
Quran (The Holy
Book of Islam)
• Written from
Right to Left
• Made up of 28
letters
Calligraphy
• Art of beautiful
handwriting
• In Islam, showing
living things in art
was not allowed
• So artists turned to
calligraphy to
express
themselves.
• Turn to page 247 in
books
Universities
• Muhammad strongly believed in
the power of learning
–This led to support of places of
learning by Muslim Leaders
• Qualified physicians = treat the sick
• Mathematicians and Astronomers
= Calculated times for prayer
Muslim
Achievement
Part 2
Scientific Contributions
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Math
• Arabic Numbers were
adapted from India
– Included the number
ZERO
• Led to study of optics
which helped develop
lenses for telescopes
and microscopes
Medical Advances
• The Comprehensive
Book – An
encyclopedia of
medicine using
knowledge from
Greek, Syrian,
Arabic and Indian
sources of
knowledge
Science
• Relied on
Scientific
observation and
experimentation
• Translated and
studied Greek
texts
Pictures Cited
• Slide 2 –
http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/History/Carnegie/newton/telescope1
.jpg
• Slide 3 – http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/fr/i14_120.gif
• Slide 4 – Clipart 2007
• Slide 5 – http://www.zakariya.net/images/gallery/fullsize/AramcoAstrolabe-Face.jpg
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Slide 2 – http://lloydi.com/travel-writing/turkey/wallpaper/blue-mosque-1x7.jpg
Slide 4 – http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/772/551106.JPG
Slide 5 – http://www.tomisimo.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/cordoba-mosque.jpg
Slide 6 – http://taprobiz.com/pipeline/photo_contest/herit_mosquedome_hashirM.jpg,
http://www.getreligion.org/wp-content/photos/Jameh_mosque_dome.JPG
Slide 7 – http://www.blessingscornucopia.com/islammuslimislamicsunnahdomeoftherockjerusalem.jpg
Slide 8 – http://witcombe.sbc.edu/sacredplaces/images/domeofrockint.jpg
Slide 9 – http://www.efratnakash.com/galleries_l_pics/israel/jerusalem/11-0011.jpg
Slide 10 – http://www.biblelieux.com/images/Dome_du_Rocher_vu_de_l_est,_tb042403.jpg
Slide 11 – http://www.socwel.ku.edu/candagrant/Gallery/HFCThumbnail/Islam/Islamic%20Center%20of%20Greater%20Kansas%20City,%20Kansas%20City,%20MO
,%2004,%20AK/Minaret%20and%20Dome.jpg
Slide 12 – http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/images/2005/01/17/minaret_gallery_352x470.jpg,
http://www.nmazca.com/cairo/al-fath_mosque_minaret.jpg
Slide 13 – http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/4/4.615/images/3/1009.jpeg
Slide 14 – http://farm1.static.flickr.com/22/27024065_863da4a255.jpg
Slide 15 – http://www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/800px-Selimiye_Mosque%252C_Dome.jpg
Slide 16 –
http://l.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/i/travel/tg/lp/0d/500x500_0d8424b66f65b3bbb6f59c9b935356df.jpg
Slide 17 – http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/images/arabic1.jpg
Slide 18 – http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/art/images/calligraphy/islamic.calligraphy9.gif,
http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/exhibitions/eastwest/images/calligraphylion.jpg
Slide 19 –http://creativebits.org/files/zoomorphic_calligraphy.jpg
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Slide 2 – http://www.subrosa.com.tr/internet/alcimizm/alcimizm_clip_image005.jpg
Slide 3 –http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/f/fb/250pxUmayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury.jpg
Slide 4 –
http://www.blessingscornucopia.com/angelsangelicorderscorrectionomniangelsstjohnshrine
inummayadmosquedamascus.jpg
Slide 5 - http://blogs.bootsnall.com/Shan+Lee/wpcontent/uploads/2006/06/Umayyad%20Mosque.JPG
Slide 7 –
http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/72474807.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d=17A4AD9FDB9
CF19390335F8FA9CA92A6610049A500283EBA8BC3F87336C851A1,
http://watch.windsofchange.net/pics/r1066618488.jpg
Slide 8 – http://www.omanet.om/english/oman2004/images/5.1.jpg
Slide 9 –
http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/44137000/jpg/_44137198_sufi_prayer_ap203.jpg,
http://bp1.blogger.com/_5Ul3kvGr10s/RwBYKXzuG4I/AAAAAAAABX0/nR_F-qUS1c/s400/doa.jpg
Slide 10 – clipart 2007
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Slide 2 – Clipart 2007
Slide 3 – http://www.mainlesson.com/books/baldwin/people/zpage036.gif
Slide 4 – Clipart 2007
Slide 6 – http://www.alphanewsdaily.com/Israel%20Islam%20World%20Map%20Crop.gif
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Slide 9 – Clipart 2007
Slide 10 – Clipart 2007
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Slide 1 – http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/02/12/22571202.jpg
Slide 2 – http://www.expatexchange.com/images/photo_Desert_flat.jpg
Slide 3 – http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t235/T235541A.jpg
Slide 4 – http://www.dotrez.com/NerdyShit/saudi4.jpg
Slide 5 –
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cbc.ca/news/photogalleries/marriage/images/12
_16108.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cbc.ca/news/photogalleries/marriage/12.html&h=350&w=539&sz=6
6&hl=en&start=47&tbnid=d8wpLNkBEWKXgM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsaudi
%2Barabian%2Bbedouin%26start%3D36%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3
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Slide 6 – http://www.dakhlabedouins.com/img/25_by_bedouin_life.jpg
Slide 7 – http://lahavnet.co.il/joalon/eng/awoman.jpg
Slide 10 – http://instapunk.com/images/mecca.jpg
Slide 11 –
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia_locator_map.png/
612px-Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia_locator_map.png
Slide 12 - http://i5.photobucket.com/albums/y168/Arweto01/mecca-beat_b2.jpg