Transcript ARAB - alqalamawi

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• Arabic
: is a Central Semitic language
• Pronunciation : ‫ العربية‬al-arabiyah
• Spoken in
: Primarily in the Arab states of the Middle
East and North Africa;
it’s language of Islam.
• One of the six official languages of the UN.
• Total speakers : by more than 280
million people as a first language ,
and by 250 million more as a second
language after English and/or French.
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Arab World
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The Language of the League of Arab States
• Arabic is ranked #4 among the most
widely spoken languages in the world.
• Chinese Mandarin
• Spanish
• English
• Arabic
885 million
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322
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• By 2050, Arabic speakers could outnumber
those in English worldwide!
…the Language of Islam
• Arabic is the language of
Scripture and prayer for 1.2
billion Muslims worldwide.
• That includes approximately
six million Muslims in the
US!
…a Language for Christians
…for Arab-Americans
• Arabic is also the language of Scripture and prayer
for some 30 million Christians in Africa and the
Middle East.
• Arabic is the mother tongue of some three million
people of Arab origin living in the US.
…the fastest-growing spoken language of
study at U.S. colleges and universities.
• A survey of the Modern Language Association
indicated that the number of students studying
Arabic at U.S. colleges climbed 92.3% - to 10,584
– between 1998 and 2002. The number of
undergraduate campuses teaching Arabic
jumped 48%, to 233.
From Arabic to Spanish
• Arabic words have made their way into
many European languages.
• Some 4,000 words in Spanish, mostly
nouns, were borrowed from Arabic
• Aceite, Alfombra, Algodon, Arroz, etc.
From Arabic to Spanish to English
• From Spanish, many Arabic words
passed into other languages, including
English:
• admiral, alcohol, algebra, algorithm,
almanac
• candy, chemistry, coffee, cotton, crimson
• magazine, mascara, mattress, mocha
• safari, sequin, sherbet, sofa, syrup
• zenith and zero
Arabic Script
‫أبتثجحخ‬
• A number of other languages use or have used
a version of the Arabic script.
• These include:
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Persian or Farsi
Pashto
Urdu
Formerly Turkish
(Iran)
(Afghanistan, Iran, India)
(India & Pakistan)
The Classification &
History of Arabic
The Classification of Arabic
• Arabic is a Semitic language
• It is related to languages such as:
• Akkadian (ancient Mesopotamian language)
• Hebrew & Aramaic
• Ethiopic
Semitic Languages
Map of
Semitic
Languages
The History of Arabic
• Evidence for written Arabic before the advent of
Islam is quite limited.
• The first inscription in a language recognized as
Arabic dates from 328 CE.
• Arabic script is probably derived from a cursive
form of Nabataean, which is itself derived from
Aramaic.
The Origins
of
Arabic Script
Some Basic Features of Arabic
• An alphabet of 28 letters
• Written from right to left
• Three long & three short vowels (a, i, u)
• Short vowels are not normally written except in:
• The Qur’an, Bible, children’s books, dictionaries, etc.
Root and pattern system
• Most verbs and nouns are derived from a 3letter root
• For example from the root D R S come:
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Darasa
Darrasa
Dars
Madrasa
Mudarris
to study
to teach
lesson, class
school
teacher
Varieties of Arabic
1. Classical
2. Modern Standard,
3. Colloquial or Dialects
Classical Arabic
• The Qur’an represents
the greatest example of
Classical Arabic and set
the standard for the
language for centuries.
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA)
• Modern Standard Arabic (“fus-Ha”) is derived
from Classical Arabic and was developed in the
late 19th-early 20th centuries:
• To guard the integrity of the Arabic language and
preserve it from foreign influences
• To adapt the Arabic language to the needs of modern
times, especially to express modern political ideas and
technological terms
• To unite the Arab world under a common language
Modern Standard Arabic
• MSA is used for:
• Print & electronic media
• Formal speeches
• TV and radio news
Colloquial Arabic (CA) “Al-Aamyyah”
• CA is the first language of Arabic-speakers.
• It’s the everyday dialect.
• CA is the ONLY language for many people.
Colloquial Arabic “is the mother
tongue of the Arab & remains
throughout his life the primary
medium of interpersonal
relationships.”
-Mary Catherine Bateson,
Arabic Language Handbook (2003)
Colloquial Arabic
• There are over 30 varieties of CA in 5 groups:
• North African (Morocco-Libya)
• Egyptian
(Egypt & the Sudan)
• Levantine
(Palestine, Leb., Syr. & Jordan)
• Arabian
(Saudi Arabia & the Gulf States)
• Iraqi
“How are you?”
• In Syria, someone may ask: shlonak?
• In Egypt, you will hear:
izzayak?
• In Morocco:
kee deir?
Or as we say in
Arabic...
Ahlan wa sahlan
“WELCOME!”
• Classical Arabic(CA), also known as Qur'anic or
Koranic Arabic, is the form of the Arabic language
used in literary texts.
• Modern Standard Arabic(MSA): is the direct
descendant used today throughout the Arab World
in writing and in formal speaking, for example,
prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and
non-entertaining content,
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While the lexis and stylistics of Modern Standard
Arabic are different from Classical Arabic, the
morphology and syntax (grammar )have remained
basically unchanged (though MSA uses a subset of
the syntactic structures available in CA). The
vernacular dialects (colloquial speech ), however,
have changed more dramatically.
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In the Arab world, little distinction is made between
CA and MSA, and both are normally called al-fuṣḥā
(‫) الفصحى‬in Arabic, meaning 'the clearly spoken
one' or the 'language of eloquence'.
• Because the Qur'an is written in Classical Arabic,
the language is considered by most Muslims to be
sacred.[4] It is mostly the language in which
Muslims recite their prayers, regardless of what
language they use in everyday life.
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Q1 : Arabic language spoken in……………….
Q2: From what family the Arabic language is ?
Q3: What are the three main variants of Arabic?
Q4: What is the dialects Arabic language of
Morocco?
Moroccan Arabic ,Maghrebi
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• Find the colloquial or dialects Arabic
language for any three chosen countries
from the Arab world.
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• An Arab (Arabic: ‫عربي‬, Arabi) is a person who
identifies as such on ethnic, linguistic or cultural
grounds.
• The plural form, Arabs (‫ العرب‬Al-Arab), refers to the
ethnocultural group as a whole; a Semitic people
historically residing predominantly in Arabia but
today spread across most of the Middle East and
many other parts of the world.
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• There are over 200 million Arabs worldwide.
• To be an Arab, is not to come from a particular race or
lineage.
• To be an Arab, like an American, is a cultural trait rather
than racial.
• The Arab world includes Muslims, Christians and Jews.
• Any person who adopts the Arabic language is typically
called an Arab.
• Arabic is the official and the original language of the
Qur’an, the Islamic holy book.
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• It must be emphasized that there is “ no one” Arab
culture or society.
• The Arab world is full of rich and diverse
communities, groups and cultures.
• Differences exist not only among countries, but
within countries as well.
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• An integrated pattern of human knowledge,
belief, and behavior that depends upon the
capacity for symbolic thought and social
learning.
• The set of shared attitudes, values,
goals, and practices that characterizes
an institution, organization or group.
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• Arab culture:
is an inclusive term that draws together the
common themes and overtones found in
the Arabic speaking cultures, especially
those of the Middle-Eastern countries. This
region's distinct Religion, Art, and Food
are some of the fundamental features that
define Arab culture.
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• List down the most famous Arab cultures:
Hints:
1. Religion
2. Food
3. Dress
4. Believes
5. Attitudes
6. Men vs. women
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ARAB DRESS ( MEN )
• Arab dress for men ranges from the traditional flowing
Thobes to blue jeans, T-shirts and western business suits.
• The Thobes allow for maximum circulation of air around the
body to help keep it cool, and the head dress provides
protection from the sun.
• Headdress pattern might be an indicator of which tribe, clan,
or family the wearer comes from.
• While in one village, a tribe or clan might have a unique
headdress, in the next town over an unrelated tribe or clan
might wear the same headdress.
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Examples of Headdress :
• Red and /or white Ghetrah.( Middle East)
• Historically of Palestinian origin. Black and grey
represent Presidential rule and completion of the
Hajj.
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ARAB DRESS ( WOMEN )
• Adherence to traditional dress varies across societies.
(More traditional—Saudi Arabia Less traditional – Egypt)
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• Traditional Arab dress features the full length body cover
(Abayah, Jilbab, or Chador) and Veil (Hijab).
• Some women cover their faces as well (Niqab).
( In class assignment : list down other different dresses
for Arab women )
Example:
• Rural women, who typically
work in the fields, may wear less
restrictive garments lighter in color and weight.
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WOMEN IN ARAB SOCIETIES
• Arab women are typically subordinate to men
in their societies.
• The extent varies by country. The most
restrictive conditions exist on the Arabian
Peninsula, and the most relaxed conditions exist
in the urban areas of Egypt, Syria and Lebanon.
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FAMILY
• The family is the key social unit to an Arab.
• This loyalty influences all aspects of an Arab’s life.
• Arabs honor and respect their family.
• They highly value friendships.
• Fathers are the authority figure. Mothers have
power over the house and the children.
• Larger the better: Large families provide for possible economic benefits,
particularly for the possibility that a son will care for his parents in their
elderly years.
• Children: Male are favored, since a son is expected to care for his parents 46
in their advanced age, whereas a daughter becomes part of the son-inlaw’s family.
ARAB CHILDREN
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Young children are treasured, adored and indulged.
Arabs tend to have a preference for male.
Older boys are allowed to attend the gatherings of men.
Older girls are carefully protected.
Children are taught to conform to norms and conventional Arab
society.
Children are not encouraged to seek individuality as much as
they are in the West.
Children seldom leave home until they marry. It is expected
that everyone will marry.
When girls married they don’t take their husbands name.
Honor and dignity are tied to the good repute of one’s family.
Children belong to their father’s family, and in the case of
divorce the father is automatically awarded custody of boys at
least 9 years old and girls at least 12 years old. Younger
children remain with their mother.
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ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective
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ARAB :
Family : Center of everything. (Father has first and last
word.)
Friends : Periphery )‫ (محيط‬, but courteous)‫ (مهذب‬to all.
Honor : Very Important amongst Arabs. Honor will be
protected and defended at all costs.
Shame (especially against family) : avoided at all costs,
insults and criticism taken very seriously.
Time : less rigid. Approach to time is much more relaxed and
slower than that in Western cultures.
Religion : Central to all things.
Society : Family / tribe is most important.
Government : Most governments are secular‫ علمانى‬, but still
emphasize religion.
Age and Wisdom honored.
(Wealth honored in both cultures).
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ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective
WESTERN :
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Family – Important but not as central to individual.
Friends – Core to some, important to most.
Honor – Typically not as important.
Shame – Typically not as important.
Time- Very structured, deadlines must be met.
Religion – Varies by individual, very personal, not
discussed in polite conversation.
Society – Individual rights.
Government – Purpose is to protect rights and improve
standard of living.
Youth and Beauty praised.
(Wealth honored in both cultures).
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Q : Write Three points of each for the following :
A- Arab Dress
Men
B- Arab Dress
Women
C- Family in Arab World
D- ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective
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FOOD
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Introduction: The Qur'an and the sayings of the
Prophet Muhammad imposed upon the Muslims
certain restrictions on what they ate and drank.
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Certain foods and products are forbidden (haram) to
Muslim according to the Qur'an and the Hadith (the
sayings of the Prophet Muhammad).
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"Allah, the Almighty is pure and accepts only that
which is pure. The Almighty has said, Eat of the pure
things, and do righteous actions. Oh, you who believe!
Eat of the pure things that Allah has given you."
[Hadith quoted by Abu Huraira.]
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"Haram" is Arabic for "Forbidden" and "Unlawful".
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( Hallal = “permitted”).
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FOOD
A. Forbidden Foods According to the Qur'an:
1. Alcohol or liquor Alcoholic drinks "confuse the mind and lead
one astray".
2. Pork - In the Qur'an (and in the Old Testament of the Bible)
there is a story that God cast (threw) the devil into a pig.
Therefore, pork and any pork products (some types of gelatin,
and lard) and even leather goods from the pig are forbidden to
Muslims. This is also true of Jewish traditions. [NOTE: The
disease of trichinosis‫ مرض دودة الخزير‬is caused by worms that live
in pigs and can be passed on to humans who eat unclean pork.
This restriction was very important to people's health.]
3. Carnivorous (meat eating) animals and birds, e.g. lions,
tigers, vultures, eagles, etc. are forbidden.
4. Other animals are also excluded: donkeys, monkeys, elephants.
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FOOD
5.
Any animal that has died due to natural causes, killed
by some wild animal, by a fall or blow are also forbidden.
Of course there are good health reason for not eating
animals that may be sick or diseased. Flesh that had been
sacrificed for some God or Goddess by pagans ‫ الوثنيين‬was
also forbidden.
6.
Blood is forbidden.
7. Drugs are also forbidden (except as medical drugs).
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FOOD
B. Ways to Slaughter Animals
• In addition, there are also ways to slaughter an
animal according to Islamic rules. Otherwise
their meat will be considered "haram". Generally,
the animal must have its throat slit by a sharp
knife and die quickly with little pain. This is done
with a prayer of thanks to God. Slaughtering
rules are humane (kind-hearted) and don't allow
the animal to suffer.
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Arab Food
BEFORE
AFTER
Originally Arab food was the food
of the desert nomads. Therefore it
was simple and portable. Nomads
stopped in oases and in settled
farming areas to get some of their
food, such as flour for bread, fruits
and vegetables, and spices. They
brought animals with them to
provide meat and milk.
( They cooked over campfires )
During the early Middle Ages,
Islamic empires spread from the
Atlantic Ocean to India. The
World of Islam (Dar al-Islam)
would continue to expand to other
areas of the world in later
centuries. An exchange of foods
from these vast territories was
possible. And most Muslims now
dwelt (lived) in villages, towns,
and large cities. No longer was
"Arab" food only that of the desert
nomads.
( Now they use ovens )
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Foods of the Desert Nomads
• Nomadic tribes could use only foods that could be carried with them,
such as rice and dates, or animals that could travel, like goats, sheep,
and camels. As the caravans journeyed throughout the Middle East, new
seasonings and vegetables were discovered and added to the existing
diets.
• Below are some of the foods eaten by the Arab nomads during the
Middle Ages.
Flat bread (Pita bread)
Flat Bread was made along the caravan
routes and in the nomads' camps. It is made
from wheat flour, water, and a little salt.
The dough can be flattened and shaped by
hand like a tortilla and put on a flat pan
over a fire.
Dates
Dates are one of the most important
foods of the Middle East. These fruits
come from the date palm tree which
grows in the hottest deserts near
oases.
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Sheep and Goats
Sheep were the most
important source of milk
and meat for the nomads.
Lamb is perhaps the most
popular meat in Arabic
cuisine (style of cooking).
Goats were also raised for
meat and milk.
Beans and Grains Cheese and Yogurt
The nomads traded for these
beans and grains to add to
their diet. Chickpeas (also
called garbanzo beans), faba
beans, and lentils were dried
and carried on the nomads'
trips.
Feta Cheese is made
from goat milk. The
nomads also got milk
from camels and made
"camel" cheese.
Yogurt is also made
from milk. It originated
(first started) with the
Turkish
and Mongol peoples.
Foods of the Desert Nomads
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Foods of the Desert Nomads
Dried Fruits, Nuts, and Olives
Camel Meat and Milk
Dried Fruits (such as raisins
from grapes, dried apricots, figs,
etc.) and nuts were brought on
trips. Olives were also eaten.
The nomads also ate
camel meat and drank
camel milk.
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Other Foods from Arab Lands
Drinks:
• Arabic Coffee was discovered about
400 B.C., probably in Ethiopia and
spread rapidly to the Arabian
peninsula. Coffee has a mild
stimulant (a light drug-like
"buzz") and is enjoyed in Arab lands.
Offering a cup of coffee to a guest is
part of Middle Eastern hospitality.
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Arab Customs about Eating and Etiquette
Arab Customs include:
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Eat with your right hand:
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When eating with Arabs, especially when taking food from
communal dishes, the left hand must never be used, it is
considered unclean. And take food only from the nearest dishes.
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When served a beverage, accept with the RIGHT HAND
ONLY! When eating, drinking, offering, or passing use right
hand only!
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Always offer snack foods to visitors and accept what is offered
to you as a guest, but only after modestly refusing the first
offer.
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It is assumed that guests will accept at least a small quantity of
drink (Tea usually or sometimes Arabic Coffee) offered as an
expression of friendship or esteem.
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It is considered rude to decline the offer of drink.
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Religion
• The Quran, Zaboor, Torah and The Bible are the
four (4) holy books.
• Islam: The Qur'an.
• Most of the Arabs are Muslims ,
and this religion affects the culture
of the Arab , so its important to
know about this religion. ( Islam )
ISLAM
•Islam. means ‘submission', or specifically, submission to the
Allah’s will and obedience to His law.
•One God. Islam is a strictly monotheistic religion.
•God is ‘Allah’. Allah is immortal, omniscient, omnipresent, and
genderless.
•Islam is the final word of God. Although Judaism and
Christianity preceded Islam and worships the same God as Islam,
Islam claims to be more refined than them in that it built upon
both.
•Muhammad is God’s Prophet. Muhammad is not to be
worshiped but is to be respected and revered. Muhammad’s life
and teachings provide the examples of how one is to live his life.
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ISLAM
MUSLIMS :
•Followers of Islam are called Muslims. There are 1.3
billion Muslims worldwide.
•Muslims are not to be confused with Arabs. Muslims
may be Arabs, Turks, Persians, Indians, Pakistanis,
Malaysians, Indonesians, Europeans, Africans,
Americans, Chinese, or other nationalities.
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COMMON ISLAMIC TERMS
QUR’AN: Islamic Holy Book, given by Allah to the Prophet
Mohammad.
SHARIA: Islamic Law.
QADI: Judge of the Sharia Islamic law.
FATWAH: A legal pronouncement in Islam usually issued at the
request of a judge or individual to settle a question when Islamic law is
unclear on the subject.
MUFTI: A Islamic law scholar who is an interpreter of Islamic Law (Sharia)
and capable of issuing a fatwah.
KHALIFA: Political leader chosen by elders.
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COMMON ISLAMIC TERMS
SHEIK: Leader of a family/village/tribe or mosque.
MADRASSAH: A school. Normally secular with some integrated
Islamic subjects, sometimes purely Islam oriented.
MOSQUE: Muslim place of worship similar to a church or temple.
IMAM: Community religious leader/clergy (bishop). In some
contexts, ‘Imam’ merely refers to the prayer leader.
MUE’ZZIN: Person who calls faithful to prayer.
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ARABIC LEAGUE
Name: Arab League (Arabic: ‫ اجلامعة العربية‬al-Jāmia alArabiyya), officially called the League of Arab
States (Arabic: ‫ جامعة ادلول العربية‬Jāmiat ad-Duwal alArabiyya).
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It is a regional organization of Arab states in
North and Northeast Africa, and Southwest Asia.
It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with
six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed
Jordan after 1946), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and
Syria.
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Current members of Arab
League
Egypt
22 March, 1945
Cairo
Lebanon
22 March, 1945
Beirut
Algeria
16 August, 1962
Algiers
Bahrain
11 September, 1971
Manama
Comoros
20 November, 1993
Moroni
Djibouti
4 September, 1977
Djibouti
Iraq
22 March, 1945
Baghdad
Jordan
22 March, 1945
Amman
Kuwait
20 July, 1961
Kuwait city
Libya
28 March, 1956
Tripoli
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Mauritania
Morocco
Oman
26 November, 1973 Nouakchott
1 October, 1958
Rabat
29 September, 1971 Muscat
State of Palestine
9 September, 1976
Qatar
11 September, 1971 Doha
Somalia
14 February, 1974
Mogadishu
Sudan
Syria
19 January, 1956
22 March, 1945
Khartoum
Damascus
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DR. MOHAMMAD GABER
Tunisia
1 October, 1958
Tunis
United Arab Emirates 6 December, 1971 Abu
Dhabi
Yemen
5 May, 1945
Sana'a
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Goals of the league
1. To keep the relationship among the member
States.
2. Co-ordinate collaboration between them.
3. Safeguard their independence and sovereignty.
4. Find a general way to deal with the affairs and
interests of the Arab countries."
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Seretary-General
Nabil el-Araby: (born 15 March 1935)
Preceded by Amr Moussa
Nationality: Egyptian
Education:Cairo University,
New York University School of Law
Had been elected on 15 May 2011.
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ARABIC CALENDAR/HOLIDAYS
• Islamic calendar is based on the lunar (moon) calendar or cycle, consisting of
twelve months of 29 or 30 days each, totaling 353 or 354 days.
• Each new month begins at the sighting of a new moon.
• Actual dates may differ from dates provided.
• The holy day of the Muslims is FRIDAY. It is considered to be sacred
and the Day of Judgment will take place on Friday. In the Friday sermon the
Imam (prayer leader) gives the sermon (Khutba) and leads prayer.
1. Ashura
2. Prophet Mohammad’s Birthday
3. Ramadan
4. Layla tul-Quar
5. Eid al-Fitr
6. Hajj
7. Arafah Day
8. Eid al-Adha
9. Islamic New Year
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ISLAM’S FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SHAHADAH - Declaration of Faith
SALAH – Prayer
ZAKAH – Alms
SAWM – Fasting
HAJJ – Pilgrimage
SHAHADAH - Declaration of Faith
This declaration of faith is called the
Shahadah. The significance of this
declaration is the belief that the only purpose
of life is to serve and obey God, and this is
achieved through the teachings and practices
of Prophet Muhammad.
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ISLAM’S FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH
SALAH – Prayer
• It means = CALL TO PRAYER TIMES
• Salah is the name for the obligatory prayers that are
performed Five times a day, and are a direct link between the
worshipper and God.
• There is a proper way to wash before prayer.
• These are ritualistic washings which symbolize purification.
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ISLAM’S FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH
ZAKAH – Alms
• An important principle of Islam is that everything
belongs to God, and that wealth is therefore held by
human beings in trust.
• The word Zakah means purification.
• Possessions are purified by setting aside a proportion
for those in need and for the society in general.
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ISLAM’S FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH
SAWM – Fasting
• Every year in the month of Ramadan, all Muslims fast
from sunrise to sunset .
• Abstaining from food, drink, and sexual relations with
their spouses.
• There are some Muslims who are not required to fast.
They are: pregnant women, nursing mothers, travelers,
young children and others are excluded from the fast.
• However Muslims can eat and drink during the
nighttime hours till before the morning prayer time
(Azan Al-Fajer ), then the fasting starts, until the
sunset with the coming of the evening prayer time
( Azan Al-Maghrib ).
• One of the Important feast days for Muslims is
(Eid Al-Fitr ) following the long fast of Ramadan.
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ISLAM’S FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH
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HAJJ – Pilgrimage
The Fifth and Final Pillar is the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Macca
required of every Muslim. if feasible) at least once in his or her
life time.
The Hajj takes place annually during the first 10 days of the
( Dhu al-Hijja ), the twelfth month of the Islamic year.
During the Hajj, pilgrims must be in a state of (ihram)
(consecration or blessing). Men typically wear two pieces of
white unstitched cloth – covering the waist and legs, the other
around the shoulders covering the upper body.
The Hajj culminates, on the second festival day for Muslims
know as ‘Eid al-Adha’ (Feast of the Sacrifice), which is
celebrated by Muslims around the world with prayer, and
exchange of gifts.
Eid Al-Adha is a four day celebration when Muslims from all
over the world offer a sacrifice by slaughtering a sheep, cow,
or goat following the traditional Islamic customs .
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