Transcript Independence Movements in Africa, India, and Latin

Independence Movements in
Africa, India, and Latin
America 1900-1949
Chapter 30
Turn to the person next to you and
discuss the following questions and write
the answers down.
1.
2.
3.
What do you know about Africa?
What do you know about India?
What do you know about Latin America?
Think of all questions in terms of the history,
imperialism, and present times,
Africa

Few Europeans lived in Africa, but the
continent was dominated politically and
economically by Europeans during the
1800’s
 During colonialism African’s turned to
Christianity and Islam (Islam spread the
fastest)
African Leaders for
Independence

Marcus Garvey and WEB Dubois in
America pushed for the “Back to Africa”
movement, considered Pan-Africanists
 African National Congress in South Africa
 After World War II Africans who had
served in the military returned to Africa
with new radical ideas for independence
Indian Nationalism
India’s fertile land caused
the population to increase
from 250 million in 1900
to 289 million in 1941
 Population increase led to
environmental pressure,
deforestation, declining
farmland
 Society was divided by the
“Caste System”
 Muslims and Hindus made
up the predominant
religions

British Rule in India

Colonial India was led by a British Viceroy
and the Indian Civil Service
 Indian National Congress formed in 1885 in
support of independence
 The British attempted to suppress the push
for Indian independence culminating with
the Armritsar Massacre of 1919
Mahatma Gandhi

English educated
lawyer who started
work in South Africa
 Returned to India
during WWI and
joined the Indian
National Congress
 Successfully led the
Indian independence
movement through
non-violence
Indian Independence
1920’s the British slowly and reluctantly gave
control of parts of India to the Indians
 WWII divided India. The Indian National
Congress opposed the war and a small amount
joined the Japanese
 1940 the Muslim’s League leader Muhammad Ali
Jinah demanded a country be created for Muslims
(present day Pakistan)
 Independence of India lead to conflicts between
Muslims and Hindus
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The Mexican Revolution
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1821 a few wealthy Spanish families controlled
85% of Mexico
1910 General Portifino Diaz had ruled for 30 years
Francisco Madera overthrew Diaz in 1911 only to
be overthrown by General Huerta in 1913
Emiliano Zapata led a peasant revolt in Mexico
City while Poncho Villa organized armies in the
north
Zapata was killed in 1919 and Villa was
assassinated in 1923
Constitutionalist took over after years of fighting
and 2 million casualties.
Post Mexican Revolution
1920-1940

President Obregon was assassinated in 1928
 Plutarco Elias Calles took over and founded
the National Revolutionary Party
 renamed the Mexican Revolutionary Party
by President Lazaro Cardenas in 1934
 1940 Mexico was still a land of farmers
with a poor industrial base but it had
established a stable political system.
Argentina

After refrigeration ships were invented Argentina
began to export meat by 1900
 The government represented the oligarquia
(wealthy land owners) who let foreign interests,
mainly British, control industry.
 1943 Juan Peron established a government based
on the German Nazi’s
 He supported rapid industrialization but was
overthrown in 1952
Independence of Brazil
Brazil’s elite controlled the coffee, cocoa, and
rubber plantation
 WW I disrupted the trade and weakened the land
owning classes.
 The Depression hit Brazil hard and Brazil like
Europe turned to extreme governments
 Getulio Vargas staged a coup d’tat and took over
the government and industrialized Brazil.

– Abolished the constitution and made Brazil a Fascist
state in 1938
– He was overthrown in 1954