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Decade of Change: the
1960s
Chapter 18
Section 2
Lyndon Johnson and the Great
Society
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President Johnson was more successful in
winning congressional passage of social
programs than Kennedy for the following
reasons: Johnson had more experience in the
Senate, and had many powerful allies in both
houses of Congress.
Johnson was highly skilled in the lawmaking
process, and was a master politician.
He was also perceived as more a man of the
people than Kennedy.
 Lyndon
Johnson’s domestic program
was called the Great Society.
 The Great Society was aimed at
helping the poor.
 The war in Vietnam destroyed
Johnson’s Great Society program.
 Johnson was reelected as president in
1964 defeating Senator Barry
Goldwater.

Americans
began to
understand the
dangers to their
environment
after the
publication in
1962 of Silent
Spring.
 President
Lyndon B. Johnson tried
to assist more African Americans
and other minorities in their
struggle to achieve both economic
advancements and equal voting
rights.
 The Black Muslims and the Black
Panthers were two groups who were
committed to the cause of black
power.
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Nonviolence as a method for
change was attacked by those
dissatisfied with the pace of
progress by some members of the
African American community.
The Black Muslims and the
Black Panthers believed violence
was necessary to achieve their
goals.
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Malcolm X was a famous
Black Muslim who was later
assassinated.
Malcolm X rejected passive
resistance and urged his
followers to fight back against
those who have violently
abused them.

Cassius Clay aka Muhammad Ali was
a famous convert to the Nation of
Islam who later converted to Islam.
Cassius Clay aka Muhammad
Ali
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In 1967, during the Vietnam War,
Muhammad Ali refused induction into
the armed forces, saying that he was a
minister of Islam and a conscientious
objector to war.
He was convicted of draft evasion, and
the boxing championship was taken
from him.
Muhammad Ali’s conviction of dodging
the draft was eventually overturned.
Black Panthers
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The chief minister of the Black
Panthers was Eldridge Cleaver.
The Black Panthers was the
African American’s version of
the Klu Klux Klan that
terrorized white people for
more rights.
Unrest
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Around 30 African American
churches were being bombed and
riots were taking place in areas
such as Los Angeles in 1965.
Rioting lasted six days and
resulted in the deaths of 28
people and damage to property
totaling about $200 million.
 James
Earl Ray assassinated
Martin Luther King.
Women’s rights

End job discrimination based on
sex; achieve equal pay for equal
work; develop day care centers for
the children of working women;
raise the consciousness of women
regarding unfair treatment of men;
and work for the passage of
antidiscrimination laws.
Rights of Hispanic Americans

Better pay and increased
respect for farm workers, and
greater Hispanic involvement
in the political process,
including the election and
appointment of Hispanic to
important government
positions.
Rights of Native Americans

More autonomy and
control over reservation
life, greater economic
assistance to fight poverty,
the return of lands illegally
taken from them.
Atlanta Motel, Inc, v. United
States, 1964


In this case, a motel owner had
challenged the right of Congress
to pass legislation under the
powers of interstate commerce
clause of the Constitution.
The Supreme Court upheld the
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Civil Rights act of 1964
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No discrimination in the services provided by
such businesses as restaurants, hotels,
motels, and gas stations.
No discrimination in the use of governmentoperated facilities such as public parks and
pools.
No discrimination in federally supported
programs (such as urban renewal and
antipoverty programs).
No discrimination either by employers of 100 or
more workers or by labor unions of 100 or
more members (a number later reduced to 25).
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The 24th Amendment banned
the poll tax.
The Voting Rights Act
prohibited the practice of
using literacy tests to keep
African Americans from
voting.
Affirmative Action
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The purpose of this policy was to make sure
that past discrimination against women and
ethnic minorities did not continue into the
future.
To accomplish its purpose, the government
encouraged businesses to increase job
opportunities for women and minorities.
Government also encouraged colleges and
universities to admit more students who were
female or nonwhite.
A college failing to adopt an affirmative action
plan for recruitment would lose financial aid.
A business failing to adopt such plans would
lose its government contracts.
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The question of
the role and
image of women
was addressed in
a 1963 book by
Betty Friedan
entitled The
Feminine
Mystique.

Betty Friedan argued that
women, far from being the
“weaker sex,” were as capable
as men in all respects and
should have equal opportunity
to pursue high level jobs in
business and the professions.
Roe vs. Wade
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Supreme Court ruled that women have the
right to have an abortion.
The decision in Roe vs. Wade sparked
controversy that still has not been
resolved.
Supporters argued that the right to privacy
applies to a woman’s body.
Opponents argued that even during the
first six months of pregnancy, the fetus is
a person who has a right to life equal to
that of any person after birth.
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Hispanics were the ethnic
group representing the “brown
power” movement.
Haitian and Cuban immigrants
were the two groups that were
immigrating heavily to Florida.
During the 1960s there was a
rise of Hispanics who were
getting involved in the political
process.
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The Native Americans represented
“red power”
The occupation at Alcatraz Island to
highlight the injustices towards
Native Americans and Wounded
Knee where the American Indian
Movement took up arms and gained
control of the village of Wounded
Knee demanding that old treaty
rights be granted.
Baker v, Carr (1962)
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The constitutional issue was apportionment and
equal legislative representation for urban and
minority voters.
The Court ruled that lower federal courts could
review representation in the state legislatures to
guarantee that each election district contained
about the same number of voters. The effect of
this decision was to increase the number of
representatives from urban and minority
districts.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
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The constitutional issue was the appointment of
public defenders for accused persons in noncapital cases (those in which the defendant did
not face the death penalty.)
The Supreme Court ruled that the right to due
process of law (found in the Fifth and Fourteenth
amendments) requires that legal counsel be
provided for defendants too poor to afford it.
The court found that accused persons would not
receive a fair trial (denying them their due
process rights) if they were forced to defend
themselves.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
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The constitutional issues were the
protection of the right to remain silent
during police questioning, and a suspect’s
right to have a lawyer present when
questioned by the police.
The Supreme Court ruled that the police
must warn a suspect of the constitutional
right to remain silent, and the right to legal
counsel before he/she may be questioned.
These warnings are now commonly known
as “Miranda rights.”