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960s Fatimids prepare to take Egypt 969 Fatimids take Egypt Ja‘far al-Sadiq Musa al-Kazim ‘Abd Allah Imami Imams Muhammad al-Mahdi Al-Qahira (Cairo) Fustat Isma‘il Fatimid Caliphs Map Link: Greater Cairo in the Fatimid Period: <http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/data/13030/63/ ft1w100463/figures/ft1w100463_map1.jpg> Carmathians Zirids Muhammad al-Darazi (d. 1019) Duruz = Druze Muwahhidun = Unitarians 973 Al-Mu‘izz (r. 953976) arrives in Cairo 996-1021 Reign of al-Hakim 1009 Al-Hakim orders destruction of Holy Sepulchre 1021 Al-Hakim disappears mid-11th c. Factional fighting in Fatimid army 1063 Plague hits Egypt 1069 Ruler of Mecca changes allegiance to ‘Abbasids 1073 Badr al-Jamali becomes new vizier, imposes order 1090 Hasan-i Sabbah takes Alamut 1092 Assassins kill Nizam al-Mulk 1094 Death of Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir (r. 1036-94). Al-Afdal chooses al-Musta‘li as caliph. Nizar (hier apparent) killed. Hasan-i Sabbah and followers claim to host Nizar’s son, rule as his hujjas (“proofs”/deputies) hashishiyyin/hashishin = assassins Map Link: The Muslim East around 1090: <http://teachmiddleeast.lib.uchicago.edu/historical-perspectives/ rulership-and-justice/islamic-period/images/ rul-jus-islamic-period-13.jpg> Al-Andalus Maghrib Ifriqiya mid-11th c. Normans raid Ifriqiya, while Bedouin immigrate into region. 1058 Zirids driven out of power by Normans and Bedouin 1061-90 Robert and Roger Guiscard conceive designs on Sicily and S. Italy. Robert takes S. Italy while Roger takes Sicily Map Link: Umayyad Spain and North Africa in the 9th and 10th Centuries: <https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/ Maps/Map%20-%20Umayyad%20Spain%20in%209th %20and%2010th%20Centuries.pdf> 7th-9th c. Foundation of many ribats in Spain and N. Africa, inhabited by murabitun (sing. murabit) c. 1035 ‘Abd Allah ibn Yasin converts some of Sanhaja Berbers to strict form of Islam. Movement spreads 1061-82 Yusuf ibn Tashfin leads Sanhaja Berbers in campaign of expansion. Makes capital at Marrakesh (1062) Map Link: The Almoravids: <https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/ Maps/Map%20-%20Spain%20Almoravids.pdf> Ibn Abi ‘Amir ‘Abd al-Rahman muluk al-tawa’if (party kings) 912-61 Reign of ‘Abd al-Rahman III 976 Hisham becomes caliph at age of 11 1031 Collapse of Umayyad caliphate of Cordoba Leon, Castile and Navarre Map Link: Spain, 910-1492: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/ shepherd-c-082-083.jpg> 1082 Muslim scholars appealing to Ibn Tashfin for aid against Christians 1085 King of Castile takes Toledo. Ruler of Seville also appeals to Ibn Tashfin 1086 Ibn Tashfin defeats Christians but fails to take Toledo 1086-1106 Ibn Tashfin takes most of al-Andalus. Conquest completed by son in 1110, bringing al-Andalus into empire of murabitun/Almoravids Abu Muhammad ‘Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa‘id ibn Hazm (b. Cordoba 994, d. Manta Lisham 1064) Poet, historian, jurist, philosopher and theologian Son of deputy to Umayyad viziers. Initially brought up in palace harem. Father falls from favour in 1008, dies in 1012 Flees Cordoba in 1013 when civil war starts Abu Muhammad ‘Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa‘id ibn Hazm (b. Cordoba 994, d. Manta Lisham 1064) Periodically involved in civil war, occasionally imprisoned. Eventually withdraws to Manta Lisham Reputedly wrote over 400 works, mostly on theology and law. Works also include: Tawq al-Hamama (Ring of the Dove, treatise on love and lovers)