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Lecture 7: Islamic Art Oct. 8, 2009 Dating systems • 5766 Jewish calendar, begins around the time of the creation of the world • 2009 A.D. or 2009 C.E. Christian/Common calendar, pivotal point is the birth of Christ • 1431 AH Islamic Calendar, starts with the hegira, or flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina (622 CE) • BP, a dating system often used in scientific dating, it employs1950 as a starting date and counts backwards from that date, and it is inapplicable for dates after 1950 I. Introduction to Islam Abraham and his son Isaac, Ravenna, Church of San Vitale, 547, mosaic Muhammad and Islam • Muhammad, the Prophet, 570- 632 CE born in Mecca • Qur’an (sometimes spelled Koran), was revealed to Muhammad in approximately 23 years between 610-632 CE • In 622 CE Muhammad fled Mecca with his followers and went to Medina, a desert oasis. This event the Hegira marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. • His followers returned and conquered Mecca in 630 CE • By Muhammad’s death the Arabian tribes were united and had joined Islam. Qur’an. 9th or 10th Century Islam Islam and Muslim come from words meaning submission to the will of Allah (God) Islam is emphatically monotheistic Daily prayer Fasting during Ramadan Almsgiving A pilgrimage to Mecca Observance of moral code in the Qur’an Ka’aba, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, II. The Dome of the Rock Jerusalem, Western Wall, wall of the foundation of the second Temple 19 B.C.E. Dome of the Rock, Haram el Sharif, late 7th century Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock, late 7th century Domes of the church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, 326 Ardabil Carpet, Iran 1539-40 Tile, Kashan, 13th century Tile Panel with Picnic Scene Earthenware Iran17th century V. Icons • Images of Christ or the saints that helped in worship • Iconoclastic Controversy, begins 717 • Triumph of Orthodoxy, 843 The Blessing Christ, 1st half of the 6th century Icon with the Triumph of Orthodoxy c. 1400 III. The Great Friday Mosque in Cordoba Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain begun 786, Ummayyid, Caliphate Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain begun 786, Umayyid, Caliphate Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, late 7th century, Umayyid Caliphate Qur’an which has blood (purportedly Uthman’s) on its pages Great Mosque at Cordoba begun 786, Umayyid, Caliphate Great Mosque at Cordoba, dome in front of the mihrab, 965 Ivory casket, Toledo Spain 11th century Cathedral of Cordoba, inside the mosque of Cordoba, 15th Century IV. Cross currents in religious architecture Ummayyad Architecture and Ottoman Adaptations Western Wall, wall of the foundation of the second Temple 19 B.C.E. Dome of the Rock, late 7th century Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 532-537, minarets added in the 16th century Sinan, the Selimiye mosque, Edirne Turkey 1567-74 Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 532-537, with plaques with Islamic text