Transcript File - International School of Sosua

Chapter 13
The Expansive Realm of Islam
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Muhammad and His Message
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Born about 570 C.E. to merchant family in Mecca
Orphaned as a child
Marries wealthy widow ca. 595 C.E., works as
merchant
Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and
Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula
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Muhammad’s Spiritual
Transformation
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Visions, ca. 610 C.E.
Archangel Gabriel
Monotheism – Allah
Attracts followers in Mecca
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The Quran
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Record of revelations received during visions
Committed to writing ca. 650 C.E. (Muhammad
dies 632 C.E.)
Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith
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Conflict at Mecca
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Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to
polytheistic pagans
Economic threat to existing religious industry
Denunciation of greed was affront to local
aristocracy
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The Hijra
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Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 C.E.
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Year 0 in Muslim calendar
Organizes followers into communal society
(the umma)
Legal, spiritual code
Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of
umma
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The “Seal of the Prophets”
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Muhammad – the final prophet
Accepted the authority of Abraham, Moses, and
Jesus
Held in high esteem Hebrew scriptures and the
Christian New Testament
Muhammad had been entrusted a more complete
revelation, one that communicated Allah’s plan
for the world
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Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
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Attack on Mecca, 630 C.E.
Conversion of Mecca to Islam
Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques
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Ka’ba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca
Approved as pilgrimage site
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The Ka’ba
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The Five Pillars of Islam
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No god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet
Daily prayer
Fasting during Ramadan
Charity
Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
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Muslims at Prayer
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Jihad
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“Struggle”
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Against vice
Against ignorance of Islam
“Holy war”
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Against unbelievers who threaten Islam
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Islamic Law: The Sharia
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Codification of Islamic law
Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of
analysis
Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human
activity
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The Caliph
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No clear to successor to Muhammad identified
Abu Bakr chosen to lead as caliph
Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam
after death of Muhammad
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The Expansion of Islam
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Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sasanid
territories
Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory
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The Expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.
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The Shia
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Disagreements over selection of caliphs
Ali passed over for Abu Bakr
Served as caliph 656-661 C.E., then assassinated
along with most of his followers
Remaining followers organize separate party
called “Shia”
Traditionalists: Sunni
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Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala
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The Umayyad Dynasty
(661-750 C.E.)
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From Meccan merchant class
Brought stability to the Islamic community
Capital: Damascus, Syria
Associated with Arab military aristocracy
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Policy toward Conquered Peoples
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Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes
discontent
Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims
Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims
Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline
in moral authority
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The Abbasid Dynasty
(750-1258 C.E.)
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Abu al-Abbas, Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, nonArab Muslims
Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia
Defeats Umayyad army in 750 C.E.
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Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them
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Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty
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Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not
exclusively Arab)
Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial
expansion
Content to administer the empire they had
inherited
Dar al-Islam
Growth through military activity of autonomous
Islamic forces
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Abbasid Administration
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Persian influence
Court at Baghdad
Influence of Islamic scholars
Ulama and qadis sought to develop policy based
on the Quran and sharia
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Caliph Harun al-Rashid
(786-809 C.E.)
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High point of Abbasid dynasty
Baghdad center of commerce
Great cultural activity
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Abbasid Decline
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Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid
Provincial governors assert regional independence
Dissenting sects, heretical movements
Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian
nobility
Later, Saljuq Turks influence; sultan real power
behind the throne
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Economy of the Early Islamic World
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Spread of food and industrial crops
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Western diet adapts to wide variety
New crops adapted to different growing seasons
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Trade routes from India to Spain
Agricultural sciences develop
Cotton, paper industries develop
Major cities emerge
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Formation of a Hemispheric Trading
Zone
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Historical precedent of Arabic trade
Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes
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Ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, tenth
century
Camel caravans
Maritime trade
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Banking and Trade
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Scale of trade causes banks to develop
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Sakk (“check”)
Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar alIslam promotes trade
Joint ventures common
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Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)
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Muslim Berber conquerors from north Africa take
Spain, early eighth century
Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize
Abbasid dynasty
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Formed own caliphate
Tensions, but interrelationship
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Changing Status of Women
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Quran improves status of women
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Outlawed female infanticide
Brides, not husbands, claim dowries
Yet male dominance preserved
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Patrilineal descent
Polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden
Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice
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Formation of an Islamic Cultural
Tradition
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Islamic values
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Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam
Establishment of madrasas
Importance of the hajj
Sufi missionaries
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Asceticism, mysticism
Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians
Wide popularity
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Al-Ghazali (1058-1111)
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Major Sufi thinker from Persia
Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of
Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead
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Cultural Influences on Islam
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Persia
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Administration and governance
literature
India
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Mathematics, science, medicine
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“Hindi” numbers
Greece
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Philosophy, especially Aristotle
Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)
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