Transcript TEST FOUR NOTES

TEST FOUR NOTES
AMERICAN MIGRATION
9/10/13
World History Standard 8
The student will demonstrate
an understanding of the
development of
societies in Central and South
America.
A. Explain the rise and fall of the
Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca
empires.
B. Compare the culture of the
Americas; include government,
economy, religion, and the arts of
the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• How did the Olmec influence later MesoAmerican cultures?
last Ice Age
migrated from Asia
to the Americas
land-bridge
Bering Strait.
water body had frozen over
animals begin to migrate south
grazing land.
food source.
series of waves
different people groups.
thousands of years.
moved as far south as South
America and stayed as far
north as Canada.
earliest traces of farming
Western Hemisphere
south-central and northeastern
Mexico, along the coast of Peru,
and in the southwestern US.
Farming began about the same
time in both hemispheres, but was
adopted more gradually in the
Americas.
plow late invented here;
no animals large enough
wheel
agriculture productive enough
support village life and the
beginnings of towns. By the
time of the arrival of Columbus
in 1492, tribes were largely
dependent on farming for their
food supply.
None of the inhabitants of the
Americas learned to make iron.
Copper was used only rarely to
make tools.
Gold and silver were widely
known. Jewelry from the
America’s amazed European
artists and artisans when they
saw it for the first time.
By about 1500 B.C. the
peoples along the coast of Peru
and in central Mexico were
beginning to live in villages. By
1,000 B.C. trading centers
began to appear. The earliest
of these cultures (in Mexico) is
called the Olmec.
These people left giant stone
heads and many objects made
of jade. There is also evidence
that the Olmecs had priests and
worshipped a god that looked
like a jaguar.
Near the modern city of Oaxaca
(wah-HAH-kah) in Mexico is
Monte Alban, a high hill topped
by ceremonial structures that
may be as ancient as the
Olmecs.
Here human sacrifice was
practiced. Both the Olmec
culture and the Monte Alban
cultures appear to have been
devastated by civil war.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=h7MvBf3mFLI&feature=relate
d
Crossword Puzzles
chapters 10 & 11
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
9/11/13
• What brought the Aztecs to the America’s?
most advanced culture
Americas Maya.
tropical lowlands of southern
Mexico and Central America
1,000 BC. By 300 BC they
were building steep pyramids.
The Maya were advanced
astronomy.
predict solar eclipses
devised a calendar accurate
Europe at that time. counting
system and a writing system. The
chief Mayan city was Chichen Itza
(chee-CHEN- eet-ZAH)
farming practices were very
simple they were very
productive.
high standard of living
usually peaceful, although there
is evidence that in extended
periods of drought they would
make human sacrifices to please
the gods and bring rain.
800 AD the civilization suddenly
declined sharply. not sure
whether this is because of a
war, or their farming techniques
just wore out the soil.
1100 AD Central Mexico was
invaded from the north by a
people called the Toltecs
(TAHL_tecks).
Yucatan Peninsula and there
they met the Mayas.
The influence of the Toltecs on
the Maya was noticeable. The
Toltecs also built pyramids, and
introduced the working of gold
and silver.
spread the worship of their god
Quetzalcoatl
(ket-sahl-koh-AT l), the
feathered serpent. The
Toltecs practiced human
sacrifice and loved warfare.
1200 AD invasions of Central
Mexico Aztecs.
wandering warriors, fighting for
whoever would pay them.
Mercenaries
legend priests saw a sign
from their god, and that sign
would be an eagle sitting on a
cactus eating a serpent.
an island in Lake Texcoco, in
Mexico.
Built city Tenochtitlan.
1325 power grew
dominated central Mexico.
causeways and stone
foundations expand their city
great pyramids, marketplaces,
and palaces.
Aztecs perfected farming on
floating artificial islands
chinampas. greatest period
Tenochtitlan over 100,000
people living in it.
Aztec society was dominated by
the military. Warfare carried
the most prestige and led to
wealth and power.
They believed that the sun
would not move in the sky
without human sacrifices
being made to it, and their
god of war demanded human
sacrifices also.
The victims were captives from
defeated tribes, and hundreds
were put to death each year. In
1478, there is evidence of
20,000 sacrifices that year.
Study for Benchmark!
CE due Thursday!
Terms Quiz Friday!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=-4oPY-nDTvo
World History Standard 8
The student will demonstrate an
understanding of the
development of
societies in Central and South
America.
A. Explain the rise and fall of the
Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca
empires.
B. Compare the culture of the
Americas; include government,
economy, religion, and the arts of
the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=PE3TVVetX_8&feature=relat
ed
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
9/16/13
• What caused the decline of the MesoAmerican cultures?
INCAS
• About the same time the Aztecs were in
Mexico, another group was building a
civilization in the Andes Mountains of
South America. The religion of these
tribes was based on sun worship.
Their name – Incas – meant
“children of the Sun”. By the
late 1400’s it extended along
most of the west coast of South
America and far into the Andes
covering what is today Peru,
Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile.
In the Inca Empire everything
belonged to the Inca Ruler. The
capital was Cuzco, known as
the “City of the Sun”.
The Incas built fortresses and
irrigation systems and laid
paved roads from one end of
their realm to the other. Pack
animals carried goods and swift
runners carried news to the Inca
capital.
They had food storage areas
if crops failed to prevent local
famine. They had a public
school system
The result was that the Inca
language (Quechua – Kechwah) is still spoken today by
millions of native people in four
South American countries.
The Incas did not have a
system of writing. They did
keep records by means of the
quipu – a kind of knotted string
that was used to assist the
memory.
They were quite advanced in
the practice of medicine,
anesthetics and even brain
surgery.
Both the Inca and Aztec
empires were brought to a
sudden end by the Spanish
conquest.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=kKeB82retLs&feature=related
World History Standard 5
The student will trace the
origins and expansion of the
Islamic World
between 600 CE and 1300 CE.
A. Explain the origins of Islam and
the growth of the Islamic Empire.
B. Identify the Muslim trade routes
to India, China, Europe, and Africa
and assess the economic impact of
this trade.
C. Explain the reasons for the
split between Sunni and
Shia/Shiitte Muslims.
D. Identify the contributions of
Islamic scholars in medicine
(Ibn Sina) and geography (Ibn
Battuta).
9/13/13
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• What led to the split of the Muslim
religion?
MUSLIM WORLD
• South of the Fertile Crescent is the great
peninsula of Arabia. The Arabs who lived
here were nomadic and they were called
the Bedouin.
They lived in tribes and were
ruled by a sheik or chief. Some
of the coastal areas got rainfall
and could support more people.
Towns sprung up in these
areas.
Muhammad, the founder of
Islam, was born in Mecca in
572 AD. orphaned
youth in poverty
no school
He was a camel driver and a
caravan trader. But, he
belonged to the Koreish, one of
the distinguished Arabian tribes.
He married a wealthy widow
days in leisure
At that time, certain Arabian
tribes had adopted Judaism and
Christianity, idol worship
Muhammad would annually go
to Mt. Hira to meditate and
pray. When he was 40
Muhammad had a great
religious experience. He
believed that the archangel
Gabriel ordered him to preach
to the Arabs.
Muhammad considered
himself a prophet or teacher.
His teachings were bitterly
opposed by the rulers of Mecca
and fearing for his life he and
his followers fled to the town of
Medina.
In Medina he made many
converts and became the leader
of the community. In a few
years he returned to Mecca with
an army and captured the city.
He then converted many of the
Bedouin tribes to his religion.
By 632 (when Muhammad
died) most of Arabia was
Islam.
followers wrote down his words
and visions (direct from Allah).
In 645 A.D. ( ten years- death,
'Ali (Mohammad's brother in
law) created the book of the
Qur'an, (Koran) which has 114
chapters, and 6236 verses.
TUE – 9/17/13
What led to the split of the
Muslim religion?
Mohammed - alive, Muslims
granted - provide them the best
guidance in Islam.
death left the Muslims in a state
of serious confusion, because
(at least in view of the majority),
the Prophet did not give any
guidance regarding his
successor.
did agree The successor - not
be another prophet.
They believed Mohammed was
the only true prophet of Allah.
Abu Bakr, was elected as
successor. He took the title of
Khakifa ("Caliph" in English).
This branch of the Islamic faith
is called the Sunnis.
The Sunnis claimed that the
only mediator between believers
and Allah was the Quran.
minority group in Medina who
believed that 'Ali b Abi Talib, first
cousin and son in law of
Mohammed (married to
Mohammed's daughter Fatima),
was better qualified than any other
candidate
This minority group came to be
known as the Shi'at 'Ali (the
party of Ali) and then simply as
the Shia or Shiitte.
Shiittes - a direct descendent of
Muhammad (rather than the
Quran) was the proper mediator
between Allah and his believers.
called the Imam.
Five Pillars of Islam
There are 5 things that all
Muslims must do.
– 1. They must say the Muslim Creed: Allah
is the one true god and Muhammad is his
Prophet.
• 2. They must pray 5 times a day.
Always facing toward the city of Mecca.
3. They must give to the poor.
4. They must fast during the
month of Ramadan. (Can’t eat or
drink for the entire month from
sun-up to sundown). They are
supposed to pray during meal
times to get closer to Allah.
5. Must make at least one trip
to the city of Mecca in their
lifetime (if possible) to visit
Mohammed’s birthplace.
Thur 9/19/13
EQ –
How did the Muslim religion
affect the culture of the Middle
East?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=JZDe9DCx7Wk
SILK ROADS
1252
father and uncle
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo
Constantinople
1264 – Kublai Khan
Marco Polo
1271 - Mongolia
17 years old
Tibet – China
17 years
government tightly organized.
rulers had great authority, title
Caliph. As the empire grew it
was divided into three parts
called caliphates.
The 3 caliphates were: Persia
- Baghdad; Egypt - Cairo, and
Spain - Cordova
Goods from India and China
had been brought across the
Indian Ocean to the Persian
Gulf and the Red Sea; then
carried across land to Syria
and the Egyptian cities of
Cairo and Alexandria
The empire produced silk,
cotton, and linen textiles, as
well as carpets and
tapestries. They had jewelry,
spices, gold, silver, brass,
and steel swords from
Damascus became world
famous.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=SpMxhsNYJ0g&feature=relmf
u
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) was
Persian – Islamic Russia. Child
prodigy – 10 reciting the Quran.
Great doctor and philosopher
Canon of Medicine
600 years
nerves responsible for
muscle pain
disease can spread through
water and soil
Ibn Battuta
Morocco (Berber)– spent 30
years traveling the world
1325 - 1354
73,000 miles –
THE TURKS
• In the 1300’s a group of Turks appeared.
They were called the Ottoman Turks after
their first ruler Osman.
Ottoman success in battle and
in government was due in part
to a group of slaves known as
the Janissaries.
Many of the Janissaries were taken
as children from Christian families.
They became an army of
disciplined soldiers. They also
served as bodyguards to the
Turkish rulers (sultans). The
Ottoman Turks will conquer
Constantinople, and then spread
east to India.
Fri 9/20/13
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• What impact did Clovis have on the
spreading of Christianity among the
Germanic tribes?
MEDIEVAL EUROPE
• When the Roman Empire fell apart in the
400’s Western Europe was overrun by
Germanic tribes such as the Visigoths
and Vandals.
But the most important were the
Franks. They first entered the
Roman Empire in the 300’s,
near the mouth of the Rhine
River. They settled in northern
Gaul (what is today Belgium
and the Netherlands).
In 481 a ruler of great ability
became king of the Frankish
tribes. His name was Clovis.
He was brutal, but an excellent
military leader.
He soon conquered the other
Frankish tribes and controlled
all of northern Gaul. A few
years after Clovis became King
he was influenced by his
Christian wife Clotilda.
He promised to accept her
religion if he won a certain
battle. He did win, and not only
kept his vow but forced 3,000 of
his warriors to be baptized.
Clovis became a strong
supporter of Christianity, and
he and his Franks gained the
support of the church.
Later he conquered
southwestern Gaul from the
Visigoths and ruled most of
present-day France. (Which
took its name from the
Franks).
Test four
Mon (SORRY!)
3/11/13