Transcript HUM 111 LEC 08

Lecture # 08
Topic: History of Pakistan II (712AD- 1526AD)
Recap of Lecture # 07
• Why learn history?
• Indus Valley Civilization 2500-1500 BC
• Special features of Indus valley Civilization
• The Aryan Civilization: 3000-2000 BC
• The Persian Empire: 520 BC
Cont.
•
•
•
•
Alexander- the great: 336 -323 BC
The Mauryan Empire & Asoka: 269 -233 BC
The Greeks & Ghandhara Civilization: 175 - 160 BC
The Kushans: (the next wave of invaders from
central Asia): 50 AD
• Gupta Empire (320-720 AD)
• HUNS Invasions & (710 AD)
• Muhammad bin Qasim 712 AD
Mahmud Ghaznwi: 998 – 1030 AD
• Sultan Mahmud Ghaznawi at the
age of 27 announced his claim to the
throne of Afghanistan. He was the son of
Turkish slave named Sebktigin.
• In 1001 Sultan Mahmud captured Peshawer and in
1005 make it center for his forces.
• He expanded his kingdom through some 17
invasions of the Punjab and northeastern India.
Cont.
Muhammad Ghori: 1185-1206 AD
• After Mahmud along this historic high road came
Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori (1185) who
established Muslim rule in Delhi for the first time by
defeating Prithvi Raj.
• He had has the credit to establish the first Muslim
in Delhi.
• In 1206, he was killed while offering his evening
prayer.
Cont.
Slave Dynasty
Qutub-ud- Deen Aybak (1192-1210)
• Qutbuddin was born somewhere in the area near
Afghanistan;
• Qutbuddin rose through the ranks to become the
Emperor Muhammad Ghauri's most trusted general.
• Qutbuddin Aibek was patron of art and architecture.
One of the most prominent is "Qutib Minar" started by
Qutbudin Aibek but completed by his successor
Shamsuddin Iltutmish.
• He died while playing polo in Lahore
Khalji Dynasty:(1290–1320)
• Khaljī dynasty the second ruling family of the
Muslim sultanate of Delhi.
• This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of
Turkish origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long
been settled in Afghanistan.
• Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness
• The first Khaljī sultan was Jalāl al-Dīn Fīrūz Khaljī,
Cont.
Sayyid and Lodhi Dynasty:
• Delhi Sultanate has been controlled by several
ruling powers over the period of Indian history.
• Sayyid and Lodhi Dynasty are two of the major
rulers of Delhi, which have played significant role in
the history of Delhi Sultanate before Mughal
empires started ruling over India.
• Sayyid Dynasty empowered India for about 37
years. Khizar Khan was the founder of the Sayyid
Dynasty.
Lodhi Dynasty (1451 1526)
• Compared to Sayyid, the Lodhi Dynasty was a better
ruling empire who was in power for about 75 years.
• Established by Buhlul Lodhi in 1451, Lodhis ruled
Delhi till 1526. Buhlul Lodhi was one of the
successful rulers of his time. He expanded his
dynasty by invading the neighboring states.
Cont.
End of Salateen & European Entrance
•
•
•
•
Muhammad bin Qasim: 712AD
Mahmud Ghaznwi: 998 – 1030 AD
Muhammad Ghori: 1185-1206 AD
Qutub-ud- Deen Aybak (founder of Dehli Sultanate.
Sultanate starched from Punjab in the west to the Bihar
region in the East)1192-1526 AD
• Vas Code Gama, a Portuguese navigator entered in
subcontinent in 1498 AD
• Start of Mughal Era from 1526 AD
Mughal Empire
• Zaheer-ud-Deen Baber 1526 AD
• Effective rulers were: Humayun,Akbar,Jahangir, Shsh
Jhan, Aurangzab 1707 AD
• Ineffective rulers were remained on the throne at
Dehli till 1857 AD
Challenges for Mughals
Cultural & Political background of Pakistan Movement
1- Afghans: (Sher Shah Suri, 1530– Humayun)
2Ahmed Shah Durrni, 1747- Aurangzeb
3- Hindus: (Shiveji & Marhats 1646 – Aurangzeb)
4- Persians: ( Nadir Shah 1738 – Auranzeb Alamgir)
5- Sikhs: (Ranjeet Singh,1799-1849 – Shah Alam)
6- British: ( since the time of Jahngeer EIC was trying
to capture the power and wealth)
Impact of Islam- Cultural & Religious Influence
• Islam gained quick and unmatched popularity
throughout the Sub-continent and by the end of 14th
century Islam had entered in all parts of India
• Cultural Influence: Why it was attractive for local
natives?
• No concept of cast system in Islam
• Simple, easy and understandable
• Introduced a new social system
• Promoted tolerance and acceptance (Guru Nanak)
Cont.
• Challenged Hindu society
• Stressed on the doings of the individual rather than the
superiority or inferiority
• Islam became for the blessing for lower classes of India
• Islam showed them a new way of life
• Islam introduced a respectable way of life
• Languages like Sanskrit were influenced by Arabic, Persian
and Turkish by interaction and a new language Urdu or
Hindi developed
Religious Influence
•
•
•
•
Islam and Hinduism differ in their attitude towards life
Concept of Tawheed in Islam
Concept of equality in society in Islam
Islam also left its impact on the religious sphere of
India and important developments occurred in the
Hindu temples and their architectures began reflecting
the Islamic way of constructions
• Hindu religious leaders started preaching of
brotherhood ,equality and peace
Cont.
• Baba Guru Nank was highly influenced by Islamic teachings
• Muslim sufis and mystics presented a liberal view of Islam
by the personal examples of piety and humanitarian
approach
• Hindu reformers gave a serious thinking on eliminating
unethical social principles of Hinduism in order to make it
more tolerable and acceptable faith
• Bhagti Movement was lunched in the 14th century to bridge
the gap between two religions from Hindu reformers
Din-I-Illahi
• Akbar occupied the throne of Delhi in 1566, he
wanted to promote collaboration with Rajput chiefs
for this purpose he married a number of Rajput
women and he also appointed Hindus on high level
government posts
• The Hindu courtiers of Akbar encouraged him to
introduce a new religious faith by combining the
Hinduism and Islam so he introduced Din-I-Illahi in
1582
Cont.
• The immediate result of announcement of Din-i-illhi
was the loss of Muslim political loyalty in the Indian
society
• so Akbar’s attempt to merge the different religious
faiths bitterly failed
• Din-I-illahi and its effect quickly disappeared with
Akbar’s death
Start of Different Religious and Educational
Movements from Muslims
• Hazrat Mujadid Alfsani challenged the might of Akbar the
great Mughal emperor to reestablish the glory of Islam.
• He firmly believed in two nation theory.
• Hazrat Shah waliullah was a great saint scholar and
reformer of eighteenth centenary he adopted a balanced
approach and understanding towards religious matters, he
introduced the basic beliefs of Islam to the people and
promoted
Quranic
education.
He
removed
misunderstandings between Shias and Sunnis
Shah Wali Ullah’s Services
• Shahwaliullah provided leadership in the political
field against Marhatas and Sikhs who had created
serious problems to the Mughal rulers.
• He translated Holy Quran into simple Persian
language afterward his two sons Shah Rafi uddin
and Shah Abdul Quadir prepared Urdu versions of
the Holy Quran.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi
• Syed Ahmed Shaheed was born in 1786 and begin
his carrier as a sawar in service of Nawab Amir Khan
the ruler of Tonk.
• At that time Punjab was ruled by the sikh ruler
Ranjit Singh who treated Muslims harshly and there
was no freedom for Muslims to practice their
religion so Syed Ahmed decided to launch jihad
movement against the sikh rule.
Cont.
• Syed Ahmed occupied Peshawar in 1830
• Syed Ahmed shifted to Balakot and faced another
attack by the Sikh army the Muslims were defeated
in the battle in which Syed Ahmed was martyred in
1831.
• Next movement was ‘Farizi Movement’
Fraizi Movement
• Haji Shriat ullah started this movement in 1820
• The fraizi movement stressed on the performing the
fraiz, religious duties imposed by God and His
Prophet.
• one hand zamindars who were mostly non-muslims
were exploiting the Muslims and on other hand EIC
was crushing the Muslim rulers and people.
Cont.
• He preached and revived basic Islamic teachings of
social life and basic beliefs, till his death in 1840.
Aligarh Movement and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
• The war of 1857 had ended in disaster the British
blamed Muslims and therefore took severe actions
against the Muslims to eliminate them from the
society
• At that time all high government civil and military
positions were reserved for the Hindus and nonMuslims.
Cont.
• Since the social position of the Muslims heavily
depended on their government employment this
measure clearly effects the economic and social
position of the Muslims at that time some
dedicated leaders and reformers appeared on the
scene to pull the Muslims out of this depression.
• Among those leaders Sir Syed was the prominent
leader who launched movements for the Muslim
revival.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Summary
Slave Dynasty
Qutub-ud- Deen Aybak (1192-1210)
Khalji Dynasty:(1290–1320)
Sayyid and Lodhi Dynasty:
Lodhi Dynasty (1451 1526)
overview of End of Salateen & European Entrance
Mughal Empire
Challenges for Mughals
Cont.
• Cultural & Political background of Pakistan
Movement
• Impact of Islam- Cultural & Religious Influence
• Din-I-Illahi
• Start of Different Religious and Educational
Movements from Muslims
Cont.
•
•
•
•
Shah Wali Ullah’s Services
Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi
Fraizi Movement, Haji Shriat ullah
Aligarh Movement and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Quotation
If you would understand anything, observe its
beginning and its development.
(Aristotle)
Thank you