Transcript Ottoman Empire

Where Islam Started
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The religion of Islam whose followers are
called Muslims, emerged in the Arabian
Peninsula.
Region is mostly desert
Around 500 A.D., home to nomadic
herders called Bedouins.
Mecca- a thriving town
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Mecca becomes a booming oasis town and
a center for trade located at the crosssection of caravan routes.
Also a thriving pilgrimage town for
Pagans.
Mecca became rich from religious
pilgrimages and trade.
Muhammad hears the call
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The prophet Muhammad was born in
Mecca in A.D. 570.
In Mecca, he is a merchant and becomes
known for his honesty in business.
Muhammad becomes troubled by the
moral ills of Mecca, specifically with the
other merchants.
Muhammad the prophet
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One day, while meditating, he hears the
voice of the angel Gabriel calling him to be
the messenger of God.
He is terrified and feels unworthy because
he is just an illiterate merchant.
His wife Khadija encourages him to accept
the call.
Khadija will be the first person to
convert to Islam.
The Beginning
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“Islam” means to “submit to God.”
Muhammad spends the rest of his life
trying to convert the pagans to believe in
one god, Allah.
The Five Pillars of Islam
Profession Pray 5 times per Alms for Fasting
the
during
of Faith
day
poor Ramadan
There is no god
but God,
Muhammad
is the
messenger
of God.
Must pray in the
direction of the holy
city of Mecca.
Give charity to
those less
fortunate
Hajj
If financially
Do not eat
able, make
from
the
sunrise to
pilgrimage
sunset
to the holy
during the
city of
holy month
Mecca at
of
least once
Ramadan.
in a
lifetime.
The Hijra
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Muhammad fled to Medina to escape
persecution in Mecca. This became known
as the hijra.
All observant Muslims perform five basic
duties known as the Five Pillars of Islam.
The Quran is the sacred text of Islam and
teaches that there is one God who is allpowerful and compassionate.
Rules to Follow
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The Quran is written in Arabic and this
shared language has helped to unite
Muslims from many different regions of
the world.
Islamic religious law is contained in the
Sharia, which regulates moral conduct,
family life, business practices, and
government.
No Secularism
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It does not separate religion from law, but applies
religious principles to all legal situations.
Origin
Saudi Arabia in the Middle East
Founder
Muhammad
Holy City
Mecca
Holy Text
Qur’an
House of Worship
mosque
Leader
Imam (caliph)
Branches
Sunni and Shiite (Shia)
Holy Day
Raamadan- whole month
Religious Struggle
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Another duty is the jihad, a
personal duty for Muslims,
to struggle in god’s service.
At times, it may be
interpreted as a holy war to
defend Islam and the
Muslim community.
Muslims, Jews, and
Christians worship the same
God and Muslims consider
Jews and Christians to be
“People of the Book,” who
have enjoyed religious
freedom in many Muslim
societies.
Two sects of Islam
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There are two major sects, or
branches of Islam.
Sunni (approximately 90%)believe caliph should be chosen by
leaders of the Muslim community.
Shiite (approx 10%) Shi’a believe
that only descendants of
Muhammad should rule.
Shiite groups have further split into
many sub-groups. Most Shiites live
in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen.
Other Muslims
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A Sufi is a follower of Islam who meditates and
is believed to have mystical powers.
The whirling dervishes emphasize dancing,
chanting and trances to attain unity with Allah.
The Quran affirms the spiritual equality of men
and women. Education, inheritance, and divorce
are allowed in Islam.
As Islam spread, Arabs absorbed practices such
as the veiling of women and secluding them to a
separate part of the home.
Sufis and Whirling Dervishes
Geography of the Region
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Women in some Islamic
countries are subject to
unequal treatment.
Life in Arabia was
influenced by the harsh
desert climate of the
region.
The Arabian Peninsula lies
near the intersection of
three continents, Africa,
Asia, and Europe, so it is a
crossroads location.
Muslim Dress
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Muslims generally
observe modest dress,
but the variety of styles
and colors have various
names depending on the
country.
The hijab is a square or
rectangular piece of fabric
which is folded, placed
over the head, and
fastened under the chin
as a head scarf.
Physical lay of the land
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Arabia lies in a hot, dry
region with large sand
dunes shaped by the wind,
making it difficult for plants
and animals to survive.
Sedentary people settled in
oases, where they could
farm. These settlements
often became towns which
in turn became centers of
trade.
How did Islam Spread so Quickly?
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After Muhammad’s death, Muslims chose
the caliph, Abu Bakr and set out on a
series of military campaigns,
They began converting remaining Arabs to
Islam, which ended warfare and united
the Arabs under one leader.
The Muslims then defeated the Byzantine
and Persian Empires.
How it spread (continued)
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Common faith (Islam) and language
(Arabic).
Religious tolerance lessened tensions with
the Christians & Jews whom the Muslims
considered “people of the book.”
Equality of believers in terms of race class,
and wealth.
Warfare exhausted the enemy (Byzantine
& Persia).
New Empires Arise
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Desert warfare easier for the experienced
Muslim armies.
After the early spread of Islam, three large
Islamic empires formed—the Ottoman,
Safavid, and Mughal.
The Sunni, Umayyad caliphate ruled form
their capital in Damascus following the
death of Ali.
Muslim achievements
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Conquests spread Muslim faith, while
allowing religious freedom for People of
the Book; some restrictions, taxed nonMuslims.
Established Arabic as the official language.
The Umayyad began first great work of
Islamic architecture, Dome of the Rock in
Jerusalem.
Dome of the Rock
The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)
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Abbasid was the dynastic name generally
given to the caliphs who moved the capital
to Baghdad, known as the “City of Peace.”
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Muslim influence can still be seen in the
architecture of Islamic centers of learning in
Cordoba and Granada.
Islam experienced a golden age during the
Abassid caliphate.
Muslim influence in Cordoba, Spain
The Great Mosque 784 AD
Trade Boosts the Empire
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Muslims under the Abbasid
dynasty established an
international trade network.
Merchants were looked upon
in high regards because
Muhammad had been a
merchant.
Muslim merchants used
camel caravans “ships of the
desert” to travel the Sahara
into West Africa and used the
Silk Road to get to China in
East Asia.
Camel Caravan
Muslim Achievements
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The Quran strictly banned the
worship of idols, and religious
leaders forbade artists to
portray God or human figures
in religious art.
Muslim artists perfected
calligraphy and verses from
the Quran turned decorated
buildings.
The poet Firdawski wrote the
Shah Namah, or the Book of
Kings, which tells the history of
Persia.
Muslim Achievements
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Arab stories include, The
Thousand and One Nights,
Aladdin and his Magic Lamp
and Ali baba and the Forty
Thieves.
The philosopher Ibn Rushd,
know as Averroes in Europe,
based his writings on those of
Aristotle. His writings were
translated into Latin and later
influenced Christian
scholastics in medieval
Europe.
Ibn Rushd
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The philosopher Ibn
Rushd, known as Averroes
in Europe, based his
writings on those of
Aristotle (Greek). His
writings were translated
into Latin and later
influenced Christian
scholastics in medieval
Europe.
Ibn Khaldun
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Considered the father of
economics and of the
social sciences, Ibn
Khaldun warned about
bias, exaggeration and
overconfidence in the
accuracy of sources.
al-Khwarizmi
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The astronomer, alKhwarizmi, may best be
known for pioneering
the study of algebra and
trigonometry.
al-Kwarismi wrote a
book that became a
standard mathematics
textbook in Europe.
Muhammad al-Razi
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Considered the father of
pediatrics, Persian physician
Muhammad al-Razi also wrote
many books on medicine.
He also was instrumental in
pioneering the study of measles
and smallpox.
al Razi believed that the mind,
as well as the body should be
treated.
Ibn Sina
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Another famous Persian
physician, Ibn Sina
(a.k.a. Avicenna) wrote
the Canon on Medicine,
a huge encyclopedia
that included
diagnosing and treating
diseases.
Medical advances
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Considered the father of pediatrics,
Persian physician Muhammad al-Razi also
wrote many books on medicine.
He also was instrumental in pioneering the
study of measles and smallpox.
Al-Razi believed that the mind, as well as
the body should be treated.
Cultural Diffusion of Islamic Ideas
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Another famous Persian, Ibn Sina (aka
Avicenna) wrote the Canon on Medicine, a huge
encyclopedia that included diagnosing and
treating diseases.
Eventually, European physicians began to attend
Muslim universities in Spain.
Arabic medical texts were translated into Latin
and the works of Avicenna and al-Razi became
the standard medical textbooks at European
schools for 500 years.
Islam Spreads to the Indian
Peninsula
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Muslim armies overran
northern India during
violent onslaughts. The
widespread destruction of
Buddhist monasteries
contributed to the drastic
decline of Buddhism as a
major religion in India.
Hindus were allowed to
practice their religion
(Hinduism) as long as
they paid a poll tax.
Islam in India
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During the Delhi sultanate, many Hindus
converted to Islam.
It rejected the caste system
It was monotheistic
They wanted to work in government
There was a strong Muslim trade network.
A new language evolved, Urdu, it was a blend of
Persian, Arabic, and Hindi languages.
So…what do you get when you
blend Hinduism and Islam???
Sikhism!
Sikhism
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There are 20 million
Sikhs in the world,
most of who live in
the Punjab province
of India.
It was founded in the
16th century by the
Guru Nanak.
The Sikh place of
worship is called a
Gurdwara.
5 K’s (Articles of Faith)
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Kesh-
uncut hair
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Kanga-
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Kuru-
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Kachera- white undergarments
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Kirpan-
(God’s perfection)
wooden comb
steel bracelet
strapped sword
(hygiene)
(binds one to the guru)
(modesty)
(defend faith & the weak)
The Mughals
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Babur (1483-1530) was a
sultan who set up the
Mughal dynasty in India.
Mughal is the Persian word
Mongol.
Akbar the Great, grandson of
Babur, was the chief builder
of the Mughal Empire.
Akbar was a Muslim who, like
the early Indian leader,
Asoka, promoted religious
harmony through tolerance
in diversity.
Akbar the Great
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He treated Hindu princes as business partners,
ended taxes for non-Muslims, opened meritbased government jobs to Hindus of all castes
and married a Hindu princess.
The high point of Mughal literature, art, and
architecture came with the reigh of Shah Jahan.
The Muslim tomb, the Taj Mahal was built for his
wife, Mumtaz Muhal.
Akbar the Great: Builder of the Mughal
Dynasty
The Ottoman Empire
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The Islamic Ottoman Empire lasted from
1299 until 1922 and spanned three
continents.
The empire was at the center of
interactions between the Eastern and
Western worlds for six centuries.
The Empire prospered under the rule of a
line of committed and effective sultans.
Ottoman Empire
Suleiman the Magnificent
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The Ottoman state, like the Turkish, Mongol, and
Mesopotamian states rested on a principle of
absolute rule.
The longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman
Empire was Suleiman the Magnificent who ruled
from 1520 to his death in 1566.
In the East, he was known as Suleiman the
Lawgiver, for his complete reconstruction of the
Ottoman legal system.
Ottoman Law
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Ottoman law was based on the Sharia
(Islamic Law) and was supplemented by
royal edicts (orders or commands).
Ottoman society was divided into classes,
each with its appointed role.
Non-Muslims lived in religious
communities called millets, who had their
own leaders who were responsible for
education and some legal matters.
The Ottoman Social Class
system
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Men of the sword- soldiers, always
Muslims
Men of the pen- lawyers, judges,
scientists, and poets.
Men of the negotiation- merchants,
artisans, tax collectors.
Men of husbandry- farmers and herders.
Ottoman Military
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Enslaved Christian boys, from conquered
territories in the Balkans, converted to Islam,
were educated, and were put through rigorous
military training at the palace school.
The best of these soldiers won a prized place in
the elite Ottoman fighting force called the
janissaries.
After Sulieman’s death in 1566, the Ottoman
Empire began a slow decline.
The Safavids
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By the 1700’s European advances in both
commerce and military technology were
leaving the Ottomans behind.
By the early 1500’s Shiite Muslims, the
Safavids united an empire in Persia,
modern day Iran.
The Safavid king was called the shah. The
best known king was the Shah Abbas, who
revived the glory of ancient Persia.
Ottomans as the Middle Men
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Abbas built a new capital at Isfahan, which
became a center of the international silk trade.
The economic structure of the Ottoman Empire
was defined by its ability to block land routes for
trade between the East and the West.
The Ottomans stood as the middle men for trade
between the West (Europe) and the East
(China).
New Dynasties
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The Armenians controlled the trade, so Abbas
brought thousands to Isfahan and built a
settlement for these Christians, whom he
allowed to govern themselves.
The Safavid Empire slowly faded after the death
of Shah Abbas and continuing pressure from the
Ottoman armies.
Still, the Safavid Empire, firmly established
Shiism in Iran.
In the 1700’s a new dynasty, the Qajars, won
control of Iran and made Tehran their capital.
Shiites in Iran still Today
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The Shiite-Muslims who eventually take over a
commercially and militarily backward Ottoman
empire were the Safavids.
Persian culture flourished from 1588-1629 under
the shah, Abbas the Great.
In 1722, the Qajars won control of Iran, made
Tehran their capital and ruled until 1925.
The Safavids planted a firm Shiite tradition in
Iran.