Transcript Ashuraa and Men of Valor

Hadith Collection, Sunni
Version
A.S. Hashim, MD
About this slide show:
This slide show deals with:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
A general view of Hadith
Categories of Hadith
History of Hadith fabrications and forgeries
I’lm Al-Rijaal
Collection of Hadith during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd century
Chain of Narration
Collectors of Hadith and their books
What is Hadith?
Hadith is a specific statement of Prophet
Muhammad (pbuh)
Traditions are deeds or conduct of Prophet
Muhammad (pbuh)
The Hadith and Sunnah are second in
importance to the Quran
The Holy Quran is God's Words and come first
in significance and importance
Hadith Reporting
Al-Hadith
Shi’a
Sunni
Canonical
Books
The Sunnah
The Sunnah consists of:
a. The statements of Muhammad (pbuh) and
b. His Tradition (conduct)
The Sayings are binding
The Sunnah can be interpreted in several ways
The Shari'ah
The Shari'ah (Islamic Way) consists of:
The Quranic Divine Guidance, and
The Sunnah of Muhammad (pbuh)
Shari'ah is the Constitution of Islam
Shari'ah needs to be interpreted
The interpreter of Shari'ah is called Faqeeh
Constitution of Islam
Shari’ah
Quran
Sunnah
The interpreter
of Shari'ah is
called Faqeeh
Fiqh (Islamic Law)
Fiqh is interpretation of Shari'ah by a scholar
erudite in Islamic knowledge
Head of Islamic Schools of Thought is Faqeeh
of the highest caliber
Fiqh is the Law in Islamic Circles
Fiqh is the spiritual law of unique importance to
Muslims
The language of the Hadith
The literary style of Hadith is very high, yet it is
far different from the Quran
Often the Hadith consists of a few words yet
has deep meaning of immeasurable value
Hadith may look like maxims and/or proverbs
Hadith often touches on certain aspects of life
Subjects of Hadith
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hadiths deal with elements of Faith and Belief
Hadiths deal with Rituals
Hadiths deal with Human Character
Hadiths deal with Ah’kaam and dealing with
others
5. Hadiths deal with the Afterlife
Categories of Hadith
The scholars of the Hadith literature divided the
Traditions of the Prophet (pbuh) into categories
according to the degree of authenticity and reliability,
each category had to meet certain criteria.
The categories are as follows:
Sahih: ‫ صحـيـح‬The genuine Traditions, the authentic ones.
Moothaq: ‫ موثـق‬Almost like the Sahih but the chain of narrators
is not as strong as those of the Sahih.
Hasan: ‫ حـسـن‬The fair Traditions although inferior in matter of
authenticity.
Dha'eef: ‫ ضـعيـف‬The weak Traditions which are not so reliable.
Categories of Hadith
Sahih: ‫صحـي‬
‫ـح‬
Moothaq: ‫موث‬
‫ـق‬
Hasan: ‫حـسـن‬
Dha'eef: ‫ضعي‬
‫ـف‬
Classes of Deeds and Actions
In the Shari'ah (Islamic Constitution) deeds and actions
are divided into five classes:
Fardh or Wajib: ‫ فرض او واجـب‬An obligatory duty the omission of
which is Islamicly punishable.
Mus'tahab: ‫ مسـتـحب‬An action which is rewarded, but whose
omission is not punishable.
Mu'baah: ‫ مـباح‬An action which is permitted but legally is
indifferent.
Mak'rooh: ‫ مكـروه‬An action which is disapproved by the Shari'ah
but is not under any penalty.
Haram: ‫ حرام‬An action which is forbidden, and Islamicly
punishable.
Narrators of Renown
Abu Hurairah:
A poor man, of the Saffah, in company of the Prophet for a
short time (only 17-19 months)
Though an illiterate, he became governor over Bahrain, then
over Medina (after Omar had died)
Ibn Abbas:
Was 13 years old when the Prophet died
Was student of Imam Ali
Ibn Omar
Was 20 years old when the Prophet died
Numerous other Sahaaba , not as prolific as the above 3
The Fabricated Hadiths: ‫االحاديت المختلقه‬
History of Fabrication:
During Benu Umayya's Rule: Bringing forth a Counterfeit Hadith
was widespread throughout this period.
During Benu Abbas' Rule, producing and circulating counterfeit
Hadiths was widespread too, in particular with the advent of the
schools of thought in Islam.
By the year 200 H.: Total of 600,000 Hadiths were in existence, out
of which 408,324 Hadith were fabricated (counterfeit) Hadiths by
620 forgers, whose names and identity are known.
Most Notorious Forgers: Ibn Jundub, Abu Bukhtari, Ibn Basheer,
Abdullah Al-Ansaari, Al-Sindi. One of them, Ibn Au'jaa, professed
before he was hanged (for his heresy) that he alone had forged
4,000 Hadiths.
Reasons for Fabricating Hadiths
Reasons to Fabricate (To do Hadith forgery):
1. Financial incentive by the Khalifas, starting with
Mu'awiya. Mu’awiya as an example awarded Ibn
Jundub and others large sums of money for coming
forth with Hadiths in his favor.
2. As a means of self-promotion in the government.
3. In a drive to enhance a particular school of thought.
4. Fanaticism for a school of thought at the expense of
others.
5. Al-Qassassoon (The story-tellers): ‫ القصــاصــون‬Their
operation and major role in the public.
Compare: Size of Authentic versus
Fabricated Hadith
Over 600,000 Fabricated Hadiths as
of 200H
Less than 3,000 Authentic Hadith
During the 1st Century H.
The early Khalifas discouraged putting the Hadith in
writing,
They encouraged committing the Hadith to memory. Ali
differed from them and wrote 580 Hadiths.
It was soon discovered that the quotes of the Hadith were
inaccurate
For one thing many of the Sahaaba had died, and for another,
that committing Hadiths to memory was not that reliable
Al-Zuhri, Al-Hazm were both commissioned by Khalifa
Omar Ibn Abdul Aziz to collect the Hadith but the work
was probably not done, due to early death of the Khalifa
in 101 H. No record of their work exists.
During the 2nd Century H.
Collection of Hadith was mainly by:
Ibn Jarih,
Al-Thawri,
Ibn Basheer, and
Malik Ibn Anas in his Mu'watta.
The necessity of I'lm Al-Rijaal, ‫( علم الرجال‬Science of
men of Hadith Transmitters) became necessary
because of the numerous counterfeit Hadiths circulated
at the time.
Compiling books about forged (counterfeit) Hadiths:
This was necessary to warn the Scholars and the public about
the multitude of the forged Hadiths at that time.
During the 3rd Century H.
Hadith was collected and categorized in the third century of
Hijrah resulting in six canonical collections called (Al-Sihaah AlSittah):
Al-Bukhari, d.256 A.H: ‫ صـحيـح بخارى‬Selected 7275 (2712 Nonduplicated) out of 600,000 available Hadiths he was aware of.
Muslim, d.261 A.H: ‫ صـحيـح مسـلم‬Selected 9200 (3,033 Nonduplicated) out of 300,000 available Hadiths he was aware of.
Abu Dawood, d.276 A.H. ‫ سنن ابو داود‬Selected 4,800 of 500,000
available Hadiths he was aware of..
Ibn Maajeh: d.273 A.H. ‫ ســــنن ابن ماجه‬Selected 5274 Hadiths
Tirmidhi, d.279 A.H. ‫ جـــامع الترمذى‬He was blind.
al-Nisaa'i, d.303 A.H. ‫سـنن النسـائي‬
It is worthy of note that the number of the Shi'a transmitters of
Hadith whose quotes appear in the Al-Sihaah Al-Sittah is over
300.
The necessity for I'lm Al-Rijaal, ‫علم الرجال‬
The necessity of I'lm Al-Rijaal, ‫علم‬
‫( الرجال‬Science of men of Hadith Transmitters):
Considered before reliability of the narrator
could be established, were:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The Background,
Intelligence,
Authenticity,
Reliability,
Capacity to Memorize,
Manner of living,
Reputation, and
Criticism,
By the year 200 H.
Total of 600,000 Hadiths were in existence,
The fabricated Hadiths numbered 408,324
The fabricated Hadiths were traced to 620 forgers,
The names of the forgers and their identity were
registered.
Ibn Abi Awjaa as an example, claimed before his
execution he forged 4,000 Hadiths by himself.
Alphabetized names of fabricators, their background
and references, are available in Book of Al-Ghadeer,
Vol.5 Page 208
Notorious Forgers
Ibn Jundub, ‫ابن جندب‬
Abu Bukhtari, ‫البختري‬
Ibn Basheer, ‫ابن بشير‬
Abdullah Al-Ansaari, ‫عبد هللا األنصاري‬
Al-Sindi. ‫السندي‬
Ibn Au'jaa, ‫ ابن ابي العوجاء‬who professed before
he was hanged (for his heresy) that he alone
had forged 4,000 Hadiths.
Hadith Books
There are 6 Canonical Treatises (Sunni)
There are 4 Canonical Treatises (Shi'a)
Each treatise consists of 6-12 volumes
There are about 2,000-3,000 authentic Hadiths,
and many more that are reliable (less than
authentic).
To Follow the Shari'ah
To be a person of piety (Taq'wa) a Muslim strives to:
1. Follow the Quran
2. Apply the Hadith's instructions
3. Emulate the conduct of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)
4. By so doing he/she will have achieved the perfection
of character and gained Heaven
Sunni Hadith Collection
Early in Islam, many people claimed to have committed
the Hadith to memory, generation after another, but Hadith
was not registered
Collection and registering of Hadith in distinctive book
format began 200 to 300 years after Muhammad (pbuh)
had passed away
Chain of Hadith Narration was recorded for authenticity's
sake
Such an endeavor took a life time of hard work on the part
of the Hadith collector
Sunni Hadith Collection
Books of Hadith by the Sunni were written 240-300 years
after Hijrah
Six canonical books were the result
They are called the 6 authentic books (Al-Sihaah AlSittah)
Some of these books are more prized than others (such
as Bukhari and Muslim)
Sunni Canonical Collections
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sahih of Al-Bukhari, d.256 A.H: ‫صـحيـح بخارى‬
Sahih of Muslim, d.261 A.H: ‫صـحيـح مسـلم‬
Sunan Ibn Maajeh: d.273 A.H. ‫ســنن ابن ماجه‬
Sunan of Abu Dawood, d.276 A.H. ‫سنن ابو داود‬
Jami' of Tirmidhi, d.279 A.H. ‫جـــامع التــــرمـذى‬
Sunan of al-Nisaa'i, d.303 A.H. ‫ســنن النسائي‬
Sunni Hadith Collection: 3rd Century
Collected by
Book
Age
Bukhari
Sahih Bukhari
194-256H
Muslim
Sahih Muslim
204-261H
Sunan Ibn Maajeh
209-273H
Sunan Abu Dawood
203-276H
Tirmidhi
Jami' of Tirmidhi
209-279H
al-Nisaa'i
Sunan al-Nisaa'i
215-303H
Ibn Maajeh
Abu Dawood
Sunni Hadith Collection
Hadiths quotes were taken from the Sahaaba
The second generation took the Hadith from the
Sahaaba, and were called Al-Tabi’een
Collectors of Hadith in the 3rd century had to go through a
chain of narrators to reach the Sahaaba and/or Tabi’een
Collectors of Hadith put forth criteria as guidelines to
accept or reject any specific Hadith
The arduous job was to sift through 600,000 “Hadiths”
available at the time to choose what is authentic
In contrast the Shi’a quoted the Imams who quoted their
forefathers up to the Prophet. The process continued for
329 years
Collectors of Hadith, 3rd Century
1. Al-Bukhari
2. Muslim
6. Ibn Maajeh
Hadiths
5. al-Nisaa'i
3. Abu Dawood
4. al-Tirmidhi
Al-Bukhari, 194-256H: ‫البخاري‬
Al-Bukhari's mother tongue was Persian for he was
born in Bukhara. Part of Persia in those days.
He collected the Hadith over a period of many years,
having established certain strict criteria.
Political times during Bukhari’s lifetime were very
troublesome especially against Ahlul Bayt (led by
Al-Mutawak'kil ‫)المتوكل‬.
As a consequence Bukhari was cautious and
circumspect, having mentioned less about Ahlul Bayt's
narrations than any of the Al-Sihaah Al-Sittah.
Al-Bukhari
Bukhari was born to a slave family of Bukhara in 194H.
His father died while Bukhari was a child, leaving him a considerable
fortune.
Bukhari was of weak physique, but with strong intellect, sharp
retentive memory, great capacity for hard work, he was methodical.
He began to study Hadith at the early age of eleven.
Then he went to Mecca for pilgrimage from where he took a journey
for the collection of Hadith. He traveled nearly forty years in quest of
knowledge throughout the Muslim world.
He then returned to Nishapoor in Iran but he had to leave as he
could not yield to the wishes of the Governor.
Bukhari settled afterwards in a village at Samarkand where he died
at the age of 62 years in 256H. It has been said by some that he
died in Baghdad.‫ـ‬
Al-Bukhari
Throughout his life Bukhari was pious, and the Prophet's Tradition
was his hobby while archery was his pastime.
He selected 2712 non-duplicated Hadiths which became 7,275 when
duplicated by many narrators.
The fact is that if one Hadith was narrated by six narrators, then this
Hadith was reported as 6 Hadiths though with minor variation in
expression of the Hadith in question. Thus the number of Hadiths
would increase depending on how many narrators report it.
These Hadiths were selected out of 600,000 Traditions available to
him at the time.
It can be said that Bukhari found the remaining 592,725 Hadiths of
unworthy basis and were to be ignored.
Bukhari therefore chose only one Hadith out of every 200 ones,
meaning 0.5%, the rest were deemed forged (fabricated).
Muslim, 204-261H: ‫مسلم‬
It is said Muslim was a student of Al-Bukhari and 8 years younger.
He differed from Bukhari in his methodology and criteria.
He collected the Hadith over a number of years, having established
his own criteria.
Political times then were less troublesome against Ahlul Bayt, (since
Al-Mutawak'kil was killed by his own son), therefore Muslim narrated
a large number of Hadiths about Ahlul Bayt.
Muslim al-Nishapoori was born in a distinguished family of Arab
Muslims in Khurasan, Iran in 204H, and his mother tongue was
Persian for he was born in Nishapoor of Persia.
His forefathers occupied prominent positions during the time of four
Khalifas; and Muslim himself inherited a large fortune from his father
who was also a Traditionist of some repute.
Muslim died in the year 261H.
Muslim
Sahih of Muslim is considered as next to Bukhari in
authenticity.
It is somewhat superior to Bukhari's work in the details
of arrangement of Traditions.
The commentary of this book can be found in Ibn
Khalikan's work Vol. II, Page 91, and in Fehrist (page
231).
Sahih Muslim contains 3,033 non-duplicated Hadiths,
becoming 9,200 when duplicates are registered.
These Hadiths were selected out of 300,000 circulating
Hadiths he was aware of.
Abu Dawood 203-276H ‫ابو داود‬
Abu Dawood received his education in Tradition at Khurasan, in
Iran.
He was so respected by the people that after the city was
devastated by Zinjies (the Blacks), he was requested by the Khalifa
al-Mu'tadhid to settle there so as to attract people and students due
to his presence. He agreed, but refused to be the teacher to the
Commander's son.
He adamantly refused the son of the Abbasi General (the founder
of the Suffari dynasty) but rather be available to other students.
Abu Dawood wrote many books on Tradition and Islamic laws of
which his “Sunan” is the most important. The Sunan contains 4,800
Traditions which were sifted from 500,000 Hadiths he was aware
of. This work took him nearly 20 years.
al-Tirmidhi: 209-279H ‫الترمذى‬
This is another standard work on Hadith and is
considered by the Sunni Muslim jurists as one of the six
authentic Traditions works. Tirmidhi was the first man to
determine the identity of
the names,
surnames, and
titles of the narrators of Traditions.
al-Nisaa'i 215-303H: ‫النسائي‬
Al-Nisaa'i made a good Hadith collection, quite credible.
He wrote Al-Khasa'is book, about the eminence of Imam
Ali and Ahlul Bayt and the Hadiths on their behalf.
Al-Nisaa'i was 88 years old when in Damascus he
expressed his views about Mu'awiya by saying, “All I
know is that the Prophet (pbuh) said, `May Allah make a
glutton out of him.”
Infuriated, Mu'awiya's sympathizers attacked al-Nisaa'i,
trampled upon him,
crushed his testicles, and
after that the infirm Nisaa'i was taken to Mecca where he died. He
was buried between Safa and Marwa.
al-Nisaa'i
Sunan of al-Nisaa'i work on Tradition has been
recognized as the best Tradition work of his time,
His smaller work is now considered as one of the
Sihaah Sittah.
He was the foremost Traditionist of his age and spared
no pains in having Hadith recorded in his Sunan.
He admitted that in his work there are many weak and
doubtful Hadiths (Traditions).
Ibn Maajeh 209-295H: ‫ابن ماجه‬
Born in Qazween, Iran in 209H
The Abbasid Empire was then at its peak of civilization and power,
and Al-Ma'Moon was the influential Khalifa, who led the Caliphate
toward progress and an Islamic-spirited renaissance.
At the age of 22 Ibn Maajeh set out on his journey in 230H to learn
Hadith from scholars. He traveled to Khurasan, Basra, Kufa,
Baghdad, Damascus, Mecca, Medina, and Egypt.
After an arduous 15 years, Ibn Maajeh turned back to Qazween,
writing, classifying, and narrating Hadiths.
His fame grew far and wide and seekers of knowledge came to
him.
The only surviving book written by Ibn Maajeh is Sunan. This book
has achieved widespread fame and gave him renown and
prestigious status among the scholars of Hadith
Imam Ahmad, 164-241H:
‫اٍِمام احمد‬
Imam Ahmad was born in Baghdad, and his was the most
important and exhaustive of all Mus'nad works.
His pious and selfless life created a halo of sanctity around his
great collection of Traditions and in spite of its great bulk, it
survived the vicissitude of time and revolution of empires.
His Mus'nad contains 30,000 Traditions on various subjects,
reported by as many as 700 companions of the Prophet.
He died before he gave his works a final shape and his son
Abdullah completed it in the course of 13 years.
This book occupied a very important position in Hadith literature
and served for a long time as the chief source of Hadith. It was
read up to the 12th century. Afterwards it fell into relative disfavor
owing to other better works.
Collection of al-Hadith
Al-Sihah Al-Sittah
(Sunni)
Registered by highly
Qualified scholars in Islam
Narration of Ahlul Bayt
(Shi'a)
Registered by highly
Qualified scholars in Islam
Quoting various people
whose narration went back
to the Prophet’s
companions and Tabi’een,
then to Muhammad (pbuh)
himself.
Quoted from the 12 Imams
(Ahlul Bayt). Narration was
straight through to Muhammad
(pbuh) by way of Ali’s
registration of Hadiths.
Manner of Collection of al-Hadith
Hadith Collection
Al-Sihaah Al-Sittah
Quoted from Two
generations:
Sahaaba and
Tabi’een
Narration of Ahlul Bayt
Quoted from Twelve
generations, the
Imams, over a period
of 329 years
In Conclusion
General discussion of Hadith with the
Sunni about:
A general view of Hadith
Categories of Hadith
Hadith fabrications and forgeries
I’lm Al-Rijaal
Hadith during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, century
Collectors of Hadith and their books
THANK YOU
Be in Allah’s Care
Dr. A.S. Hashim