Transcript Terrorism and The Muslim Brotherhood

Terrorism and The Muslim
Brotherhood
“God is our purpose, the Prophet our leader, the Qu’ran our
constitution, jihad our way and dying for God’s cause our
supreme objective.”
Hassan al-Banna
founder of the Muslim Brotherhood
http://MuslimBrotherhoodTerrorism.webs.com
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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http://muslimbrotherhoodterrorism.webs.com/
The PowerPoint presentations and a short paper ("What
Islam is Not”) are found on the website
http://muslimbrotherhoodterrorism.webs.com/
If you do not have Microsoft PowerPoint, you can download
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Course Overview
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Session 1: The Creation of Islam
Session 2: Muslim Conquest and Radical Islam
Session 3: The Creation of Al Qaeda
Session 4: The Arab Spring
Session 5: The Global Caliphate
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Class Session 2:
Muslim Conquest and Radical Islam
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Muslim conquest in the ancient world
Scholars of Radical Islam
Saudi Arabia and the Ikhwan
Shocks to the Muslim World
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Early Muslim Conquest 622-750
Expansion under the Prophet Mohammad 622-632
(ends with Muhammad’s death)
Expansion during the Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661
(ends with Ali’s death)
Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750
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Conquest of Africa, Italy, Turkey 700-1360
• Conquest of Nubia: 700–1606;
control over northern Sudan
through today
• Incursions into southern Italy:
831–902; captured most of
Sicily, sacked Rome in 846,
emirates on Italian mainland
• Conquest of Anatolia: 1060–
1360; captured Crete in 840,
recaptured Crete and Cilicia in
961, Cyprus in 965
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Crusades and Byzantine Wars 1095-1800
• The Crusades: 1095-1291
European invasions to recapture Jerusalem and the
Judeo-Christian Holy Land
conquered by Muslims
• Byzantine-Ottoman Wars:
1299–1453, Constantinople
falls in 1453
• Further conquests: 1200–
1800; Mongols capture
Baghdad in 1258 and convert
to Islam; Muslim conquest of
Indian subcontinent and
central Asia
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Scholars of Radical Islam
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Ibn Taymiyah
Abdul Wahhab
Hassan al Banna
Sayyed Qutb
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Ibn Taymiyah
1263-1328: Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiyah writes of the
obligation of Muslims to jihad. His writings were used as
justification for the 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat
and by Osama bin Laden to justify jihad.
“To fight in defense of religion and belief is a
collective duty; there is no other duty after belief
than fighting the enemy who is corrupting the life
the religion. There is no precondition for this duty,
and the enemy should be fought with one’s best
abilities.”
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Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab
1730s - Wahhabism founded by Muhammad
ibn Abdul Wahhab.
Wahhab rejects all modernity, adornment,
worship of anything or anyone other than
Muhammad and Allah. He preached that
Islam could only be purified by returning
to a code of conduct based on
Mohammed’s life. Ejected from several
cities in Arabia he joins forces with
Muhammad ibn Saud.
1801: A Wahhabi raiding party sacks
Kharbala, site of the Hussein’s tomb and
one of Shia Islam’s most holy shrines. In
eight hours the Wahhabis massacre 5000
Shia; a horror and insult the Shia have
never forgiven
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Mosque in modern Kharbala
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Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
• Wahhab grows up near Basra in Iraq
• Performs the hajj to Mecca to study with
Islamic scholars, returns in 1740
• His goal is to remove innovations from
Islam and return it to the state as
practiced just after Muhammad lived
• He convinces the local ruler to implement
some of his ideas about Islam
– Destroys the grave of a of
Muhammad companion citing the
prohibition of grave worship
– Stoning of an adulteress although the
punishment had fallen out of practice
• Wahhab flees to Arabia
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Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
• 1740: Wahhab leaves Uyayna and is invited by
Muhammad ibn Saud to settle in his kingdom in
Arabia
• Saud’s wife converts to Wahhabism and some of
his sons study under Wahhab
• Ibn Saud agrees to enforce Wahhabism on his
kingdom leading to an alliance still in place
today
• Wahhab also revived interest in the works of Ibn
Taymiya
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Hassan al-Banna
• Created the Muslim
Brotherhood in 1928
• Core belief: universal
Islamic rule
• Rejected Western model
of secular, democratic
government
• Muslim Brotherhood
acted as a
“countersociety”; an
organization outside state
governments or political
systems
1906-1949
“It is the nature of Islam to
dominate, not to be
dominated, to impose its
law on all nations, and to
extend its power to the
entire planet.”
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Sayyid Qutb
• “the man whose ideas would shape Al Qaeda”
• MB leader contributed significantly to modern
perceptions of jihad and takfir
• Hated the U.S. based on secularism and culture
in conflict with his strict religious radicalism
• Believed Nassar’s coup in 1952 would bring an
Islamic government; jailed following 1954
assassination attempt on Nassar by an MB
member; three judge panel (included Anwar
Sadat) sentenced him to life, commuted to 15
years.
• Founded Hamas while in prison
• Released in 1964 arrested six months later for
plotting assassinations and a coup; hanged in
1966.
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Sayyid Qutb
1906-1966
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Sayyid Qutb
• Argued that since Muslim nations
did not implement sharia law they
were illegitimate
• Muslims should resist any system
where men are in "servitude to other
men" as un-Islamic and a violation
of God's sovereignty
• Fight jahiliyyah with a twofold
approach: preaching, and abolishing
organizations and authorities; and
by "physical power and Jihad“
• Sayyid’s brother, Muhammad Qutb,
became professor of Islamic Studies
in Saudi Arabia after release from
Egyptian prison; edited, published
and promoted his brother's work.
• Muhammad Qutb's student - Ayman
Zawahiri - joined Egyptian Islamic
Jihad, founded Al-Jihad, joined it
with Osama bin Laden’s Al Qaeda
Above: Qutb showing
one of his books to
William Ross, Pres.
Colorado State
College of Education,
Greeley, CO 1949
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Unification of Arabia
Early 1700’s: al-Saud family begins tribal
warfare from the Nejeb in central Arabia
1740: Muhammad ibn Sa’ud joins his forces
with the religious followers of Mohammed
ibn Adb al-Wahhab
1740’s to 1914: the al-Saud family and the
Wahhabi religious army wage continuous
warfare across the Arabian peninsula
eventually conquering most of it.
1914-1926: Amid chaos after WWI, emir
Abdul Aziz al Saud unites Bedouin tribes,
converts to Wahhabism, organizes the
Ikhwan (“Brothers”) army and conquers
Arabia, establishing two kingdoms.
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Abdul Aziz al Saud, 1873-1956
1873: born in Riyadh.
1902: Beginning with small raids he conquers
his family's ancestral home city of Riyadh.
1922consolidatescontrol over the Nejd
(central highlands)
1925: conqueres the Hejaz
1932: unifies his two kingdoms to form Saudi
Arabia.
1938: discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia
1945: Meets with Roosevelt to establish
treaties that lead to ARAMCO and largescale exploitation of oil
The founder of modern Saudi Arabia, King Abdul Aziz,
converses with President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on board
USS Quincy returning from the Yalta Conference in 1945.
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Suppression of the Ikhwan
1912: Abdul Aziz al Saud establishes the
Ikhwan - a militant religious organization
to assist his conquests. He revives his
dynasty's traditional alliance with the
Wahhabis.
WWI: al Saud signs several treaties with
the British, receiving their support to
wage war on the Ottomans. In
exchange he agrees not to expand his
conquest into Iraq or British
protectorates in the region.
1927: The Ikhwan continue brutal raiding
despite al Saud’s orders. He receives
permission from Wahhabi clerics to
wage war on the Ikhwan.
1930: With the British army and their
modern weapons he crushes the Ikhwan
at the battle of Sabilla.
To placate the Ikhwan survivors and establishes the Saudi religious
police proclaiming his family will rule by Wahhabi doctrine.
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Legacy of the Ikhwan
• Survivors of the Ikhwan are reorganized as the Saudi National
Guard
• Despite agreeing to live by the strict
fundamentalist code of the Ikhwan,
Saudi family members do not
• 1930 betrayal by the Saudi royal
family is not forgotten
• Most Saudis reject the label
Wahhabi
Emir Faisal, leading the Saudi Wahhabi
armies in 1926, prepares an advance
– Prefer muwahhidun – “unitarians” –
to show their belief in a single God
– Salafists, referring to salaf, the
venerated compatriots of the
prophet
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The Muslim World Today
Ibadi
Sunni
Shia
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Shocks to the Muslim world
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Fall of the Ottoman Empire 1922
Creation of Israel 1948
Re-Installation of the Shah of Iran 1953
Suez Crisis 1956
Six Day War 1967
Yom Kippur War 1973
Iranian Revolution 1979
Grand Mosque Siege 1979
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979
Ayatollah Khomeini
Saddam Hussein
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June 1967 Six Day War
• Israeli air force destroys the
Egyptian air force on the ground,
then attacks the air forces of Jordan,
Syria and Iraq
• Egypt convinces Jordan that
returning Israeli planes are Egyptian
forces attacking Israel
• Israeli tank battles destroy the
Egyptian army in the Sinai
• Israel captures Jerusalem
• Israel breaks Syrian lines in the
Golan Heights
• Israel in position to attack Cairo,
Amman, Damascus; Soviets
threaten to intervene; US urges end
to hostilities; Israel halts attacks
ending the war
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1973 Yom Kippur War
• 1971-73 – Sadat calls for Israel to return
territory or war; diplomatic pressure on
US, European, African and Arab nations.
Presses USSR to join his effort, they
decline and Sadat expels 20,000 Soviet
advisors
• 9 Arab states, and 4 non-Middle Eastern
nations, actively aid the Egyptian-Syrian
war effort.
• Egypt and Syria coordinate attacks
• Israel mobilized reserves, penetrates
deep into Syria and Egypt
• Arab states resupplied by the USSR
• US begins airlift to Israel
• USSR and UN had not interested in peace
efforts while Arabs were winning
• UN Security Council Ceasefire Resolution
on the day Israeli forces were poised to
destroy the Egyptian Third Army
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1979 Siege of the Grand Mosque
• Juhayman al-Oteibi and
Muslim extremists seize the
Grand Mosque in Mecca. He
demands adoption of strict
Islamic rule and severing ties
with the West.
• After two weeks the Saudis
capture the mosque, aided by
French GIGN special forces
operatives.
• 63 extremists beheaded
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1979
President Carter declines to respond to pleas for
assistance from the Shah of Iran.
The Shah of Iran abdicates and Ayatollah Khomeini
returns from exile and takes power
Saddam Hussein becomes president of Iraq
Nov. 4 - Iranian students destroy the US embassy
in Tehran taking 66 hostages; 52 are held for
444 days
Nov. 20 – Juhayman al Oteibi and his followers
seize the Grand Mosque in Mecca. Ayatollah
Khomeini theorizes that the US might be
involved. The Saudis learn this is not true but do
not broadcast the information for a week,
inflaming the Arab street against the US
Nov. 21 - Students destroy the US embassy in
Islamabad, Pakistan, killing four.
Dec. 25 - the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan.
Afghan mujahideen are organized by Pakistani
Intelligence (ISI) and Saudi Intelligence (GID),
with assistance from the CIA.
Pakistani helicopter over burning US Embassy, Islamabad, Nov. 21, 1979
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US hostages in Iran, Nov. 4, 1979
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1980s
1980-1988: Saddam Hussein attacks
Iran. Hundreds of thousands die on each
side and the war ends in a stalemate.
Saddam Hussein employs chemical
weapons against Iranian forces and the
Kurds in northern Iraq, whom he
suspects of aiding Iran.
April 18, 1983: U.S. embassy in
Lebanon is bombed by Iran. The CIA’s
best minds on the Middle East are killed.
1982: Israel invades Lebanon, seizing
Beirut.
Oct. 23, 1983: Hezbollah suicide truck
bombers kill 241 U.S. Marines in Beirut.
1989: Ayatollah Khomeini dies in Iran.
The Soviets leave Afghanistan, the Berlin
Wall crumbles.
US
Embassy,
Lebanon
4/21/83
US Marine
barracks
Lebanon
10/23/83
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Soviets in Afghanistan1979-1989
• Soviets believe Afghan revolution can be
crushed quickly, as in Hungary (1965),
Czechoslovakia (1968)
• Pakistani Intelligence (ISI) begin funding
Afghan mujahideen fighters; Saudi intelligence
(GID) funds Arab mujahideen groups that
recruit Muslims for training and jihad.
• CIA provides modest funding to Afghan rebels
beginning 1981.
• 1985: CIA increases funding
• Nov. 1985: Soviets remove Karmal and
promote the head of Afghan secret police,
Najibullah to president
• Sept. 1986: Afghan mujahideen shoot down
Soviet helicopters using American Stinger
missiles
• Early 1987: Gorbachev decides Soviets must
leave Afghanistan
• April 4, 1988: Geneva Accords set terms for
Soviet withdrawal.
• Feb 15, 1989: last Soviet soldiers leave
Afghanistan
© Copyright 2008 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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Terrorism and The Muslim
Brotherhood
“God is our purpose, the Prophet our leader, the Qu’ran our
constitution, jihad our way and dying for God’s cause our
supreme objective.”
Hassan al-Banna
founder of the Muslim Brotherhood
http://MuslimBrotherhoodTerrorism.webs.com
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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1967 Six-Day War - Prelude
• Soviets provided arms, supplies and training to Egypt,
Syria, Jordan.
• Nassar instructed the UN to remove their peace-keeping
forces in the Sinai
• May 15 – Nassar moves Egyptian forces across the
Sinai
• May 22 – Nassar closes the straights of Tiran, cutting
Israel’s oil supply line with Iran; US protests this action
• May 30 Jordan signs a defense pact with Egypt
• June 4 – Iraq joins the alliance with Egypt, Jordan and
Syria
• June 5 – Israel notified Jordan that it will not attack
Jordan unless provoked
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Afghanistan
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Beginning in the 1950s the KGB trains and recruits
students in Kabul University
1978: Soviet-sponsored communist revolution
results in Nur Taraki seizing power. His chief
communist rival is Hafizullah Amin.
Taraki executes former prime minister Mohammad
Shafiq. Feb. 14, 1979: American Ambassador to
Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, is kidnapped and killed
in a Kabul hotel. Amin is suspected.
Mar. 1979: rebellion against Communist
government begins in Herat caused by an initiative
to teach girls to read
Sept. 1979 Amin ousts Taraki, then has Taraki
killed
Dec. 1979: KGB units infiltrate Afghanistan in
preparation for Soviet invasion
Dec. 25, 1979: Soviets invade, assassinate Amin,
and install Babrak Karmal as president (replaced
by Mohammad Najibullah 1986)
© Copyright 2008 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
Mohammad
Shafiq
Nur Mohammad
Taraki
Hafizullah
Amin
Babrak
Karmal
Mohammad
Najibullah –
executed by
the Taliban,
1996
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Soviet 24D Hind
Stinger shoulder-fired missile
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Siege of the Grand Mosque
• 1979: Juhayman al-Oteibi
and Muslim extremists seize
the Grand Mosque in Mecca.
He demands adoption of
strict Islamic rule and
severing ties with the West.
After two weeks the Saudis
capture the mosque, aided
by French GIGN special
forces operatives. This
foreshadows bin Laden’s
demands for the same return
to Islamic rule two decades
later.
© Copyright 2008 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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The Grand Mosque Siege
• Nov. 20, 1979 – Juhayman al-Oteibi and
followers seize the Grand Mosque in
Mecca, announce the return of the Mahdi
as Abdullah Muhammed al Qhatani
• Weapons and supplies stored for weeks
in advance in the Mosque during the hajj
• Oteibi descended from the Ikwan;
gathered followers from the Muslim
Brotherhood; financial backing from
wealthy Saudis; weapons from
sympathetic members of the Saudi
National Guard
• Oteibi and al Qhatani were examined by
Abdel Aziz al Baaz, Grand Mufti of Saudi
Arabia, and released as not a threat
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Grand Mosque Siege
• Ayatollah Khomeini theorized Mosque siege was led by
the US. Saudis learn otherwise but do not rebut this
charge.
– Muslims in many countries are outraged at supposed US
involvement, attack US embassies in Islamabad, killing four,
• Saudi assaults are disastrous; the French provide three
commandoes from the GIGN counter-terrorism unit. They
advise poison gas attacks followed by explosives and
room-by-room clearance in the basements.
• After more than two weeks surviving rebels are captured.
63 rebels beheaded on 1/9/80.
• Juhayman al Oteibi’s demands and philosophy are
repeated by Osama bin Ladin when he founds al-Qaeda;
profound influence on many Muslim terror organizations
• Saudi’s increase support for religious crackdown by
mutaween supporting Wahabbist teachings
French GIGN Special Forces
– Capt. Paul Barril (right)
– Reduce or eliminate certain freedoms for women,
entertainment, western practices
Juhayman
al Oteibi
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