Transcript Rise of Islam

Understanding Islam
Why should we study the religion of Islam?
There are over 1 billion Muslims in the world.
Islam Identifications
• Muslim: person who follows Islam
• Ka’aba: Islam’s holiest shrine – located in Mecca – Arabic for
cube
• Qu’ran: secret text, holy book of Islam
• Mecca: birth place of Islam, holiest city, Saudi Arabia
• Mosque: Muslim house of worship
• Allah: Arabic for God same as J and C
• Medina: first Islamic community, 2nd Holy city, Muhammad
gains political and religious power – City of the Prophet
• Hejira: 622 – Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina;
marks first expansion of Islam
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• Jerusalem: 3rd Holiest city to Islam – Dome of the Rock
Five Pillars of Islam
• Islam means: (#2)
– to submit/submission
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Five Pillars of Islam: (#3)
Declaration of Faith (Shahada)
Prayers (Salah)
Charity (Zakat)
Fasting (Sawm)
Pilgrimage (Hajj)
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The Rise and
Spread of
Islam
Arabia in the 7th Century
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Mecca
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Muhammad (#4)
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Born CE 570
Parents died
Raised by Uncle
Marries Khadija
Merchant/trader
Meditated in desert
Daughter Fatima
married to cousin Ali
• Video 3:29
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Muhammad: Founder of Islam
• Muhammad was born in Mecca about 570.
• His parents died when he was very young, but
he was sent to live with his uncle, who was a
Bedouin tribesman, even before they died.
• Muhammad became a merchant.
• When he was 25, he met a wealthy widow
named Khadija, and married her.
Muhammad (#5)
• Final Prophet/Founder
of Islam
– Means to
surrender/submit (#2)
• Messages from God
compiled in the Qur’an
• Spread the message of
one God
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The Hejira
• Muhammad began to speak
about this new religion to the
Arab tribes people around
Mecca.
• Some began to follow him.
Others did not like his
message, and plotted to kill
both him and his followers.
• In 622, Muhammad and his
followers fled from Mecca to
Yathrib, a town to the north.
• This journey was known as
the hejira.
• Yathrib was later renamed
Medina, which means “City of
the Prophet.”
Medina and Hejira 622
Marks the beginning of expansion of Islam (#10)
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Sacredness of Jerusalem
• “Night Journey” from the nearest
mosque to the farthest (“alAqsa”) mosque - 619 AD in
Jerusalem
• Is believed to be when
Muhammad “flew” to Jerusalem
and met with the old Prophets:
Abraham and Moses
The Night Journey
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Umayyad Culture
Dome of the Rock,
Jerusalem
Video
Al-Aqsa (“furthest”) mosque, built CE 715
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People of the Book (# 6)
• Muhammad’s Term for Jews and Christians
– Cause followed Gods teachings
• Old and New Testament were God’s words but
had been corrupted over time
• Christianity and Judaism influenced Islam
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Return to Mecca – 628AD
Mecca
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Kaaba
• Housed 360 idols
• Muhammad Smashed idols
and dedicated to God (360)
(#5)
• Pilgrimages during holy
month Dhul-Hijjah
• Kiswah: the cloth that
covers the Kaaba
– Embroidered in gold the
Muslim Declaration of Faith
– At the end of the ḥajj, the new
kiswah is put in place, and the
old one is cut into small relics
that are sold to pilgrims.
Ka’bah
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Spread of Muslim Rule
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Two Main Branches of Islam
Battle of Karbala: 661 A.D.
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Schism
• Disagreement over style and
qualifications leader
• Bloody massacre
• (#11) Split into Sunni and
Shi’a during Umayyad
Dynasty – Mid 600’s
• over the choosing of caliph
– successor to Muhammad
as leader of Islamic
community (#11)
• (#12) Sunni – 80% caliph
based on merit – anyone
• Shi'ite/Shi’a – caliph
descendent of Muhammad
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Shrine at Karbala
7. Quran, Sunnah, Hadith make up the Sharia
Sharia – sacred law of Islam
Sunnah: Islamic Faith in practice
Hadith: accounts and sayings of Muhammad
8. oneness of God and Muhammad Final Prophet
9. Birth, Marriage, Death
Aqiqah Link
10. Hejira (622), Muslim Army united by
Jihad (to struggle to be the best Muslim/Holy War)
and promise of riches, resentment of foreign rule,
Conversion (equality of believers), tolerance
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11. Umayyad, choosing a caliph
12. Shi’a (Shiite) and Sunni
13. Halal
In Arabic, the word halal means permitted or lawful.
Halal foods are foods that are allowed under Islamic
dietary guidelines
No pork or alcohol
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Five Pillars of Islam
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Declaration of Faith (Shahada)
Prayers (Salah)
Charity (Sawm)
Fasting (Zakat)
Pilgrimage (Hajj) Video 2:00
– Another Hajj Video
– And one more
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Ramadan (#14)
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9th month of the Islamic/lunar calendar
Month that Qur'an to Muhammad
Fasting from sunup to sundown
Focus on relationship with God/spiritually
Night of Power:
– last days of the month it is believed that
Muhammad first received the Qur'an.
• Eid ul-Fitr (The Festival of Fast-Breaking):
– holiday that marks the end of Ramadan and fasting
– Show Wolper Video
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Islam, Christianity, and Judaism
Similarities
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Monotheism
Prophethood
Golden Rule
Jerusalem Holy
Judgment Day
Heaven
Prayer
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Charity
Coming of Age
Pilgrimage
Dietary Laws
Ethical world view
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Early Islamic Empires
The Spread of Islam
• Within 120 years of the Prophet Muhammad’s
death, the religion of Islam had spread from
the Arabian Peninsula to include the following
areas:
• http://www.explorethemed.com/RiseIslam.asp
Early Caliphates
Umayyad
Dynasty
(661-750 A.D.)
Capital:
Damascus,
Syria
Emphasis on
Arab Culture &
Language
Sunni Muslim
Umayyads (661–750)
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Umayyad Culture
Dome of the Rock,
Jerusalem
Video
Al-Aqsa (“furthest”) mosque, built CE 715
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Shi’ism Today
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Umayyad Decline
• Fragmentation
– split
• Non-Arabs
• Leadership
problems
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Early Caliphates
Abbassid Dynasty (750-1250 AD)
Capital: Baghdad
Golden Age of Muslim
Civilization
Included People from other
cultures
Persians
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Advances in architecture
Control of trade routes
Advances in science,
medicine, mathematics
Poetry and philosophy
Indians
Turks
Abbasids (750–1258)
First 100 years 1st Golden Age (#15)
Because of economic power, medicine, science, math,
and architecture
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Islam’s First Golden Age
The Abbassid Caliphate was established in 750 A.D.
The capital of this new Islamic Empire was
established in Baghdad, not Damascus.
Founded by al-Mansur, the second caliph of the
Abbassid Dynasty.
This new caliphate was more inclusive of different
people, including Persians, Turks, and Indians,
which gave it more appeal.
Islam’s First Golden Age
Commerce and Economics
This new empire controlled the trade routes
between the East (India and China) and the
Mediterranean, Africa, and Europe.
This led to thriving, wealthy cities, such as
Baghdad.
To help trade prosper, the Abbasids developed
many useful business practices.
Abbasid Culture
• Trade revival
• Arabic numerals
• Algebra
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Science and Medicine
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Astrolabe
Medicine
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
Muhammad Al-Razi
Muslims used the
magnetic needle to
produce the mariner’s
compass, as well as the
astrolabe.
• These inventions would
become VERY
important during the
Age of Discovery
hundreds of years later.
Astrolabe
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Medieval Renaissance Man
Ibn Sina – known
also as Avicenna
Wrote more than
100 books on
astronomy, music,
philosophy,
medicine, and
poetry
Islam’s First Golden Age
Advances in Learning:
Muslim scholars translated ancient Greek
works on philosophy, science, and
mathematics.
Muslims also made advances in the fields of
medicine, mathematics, and architecture
They gave us beautiful poetry, such as The
18Rubaiyat, and A Thousand and One Nights
Islam’s First Golden Age
Muhammad al Razi
• Muslim doctor who stressed eating a balanced
diet.
• Encouraged high professional standards for
doctors, including education and qualifying
exams.
• Wrote 50 books on medicine
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Abbasid Decline
Mosque of Abbasid Caliph AlMutawakkil
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Home Stretch
16. Life long learners/education important
- translated Greek and Sanskrit works on philosophy and
science
House of Wisdom – Baghdad – Al Mamun
– preserved ancient learning – diffused to Europe
17. Medicine: Diagnosis/treatment/qualifying examinations
Muhammad al-Razi and Ibn Sina – all influenced the West
Math – algebra
Science
Architecture - minarets
18. Letters of credit – receipts – bills of lading
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Comparison of Statistics and Basics
Islam
Judaism
Christianity
adherents called
Muslims
Jews
Christians
current adherents
1.3 billion
14 million
2 billion
current size rank
2nd largest
12th largest
largest
major
concentration
Middle East,
Southeast Asia
Israel, Europe,
USA
Europe, North and
South America, rapid
growth in Africa
sacred text
Qur'an (Koran)
Bible
Bible (Jewish Bible +
New Testament)
other written
authority
Hadith
Talmud, Midrash,
Responsa
church fathers, church
councils, papal decrees
(Catholic only)
religious law
Sharia
Halakhah
Canon Law
clergy
imams
rabbis
priests, ministers,
pastors, bishops
mosque
synagogue
church, chapel,
cathedral
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
house of worship
main day of
worship
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Comparison of Origins and History
Islam
Judaism
Christianity
date founded
622 CE
unknown
c. 33 CE
place founded
Saudi Arabia
Palestine (def)
Palestine
founder
Muhammad
Moses or
Abraham
Jesus
Arabic
Hebrew
Aramaic, Greek
little expansion;
mostly confined
to Palestine
within 60 years,
churches in major cities
in Palestine, Turkey,
Greece and Rome
(map); entire Roman
Empire by end of 4th
cent.
original
language(s)
early expansion
major splits
within 12 years,
entire Arabian
peninsula; within 100
years, Muslim world
stretched from the
Atlantic to China
Shia/Sunni, c. 650
CE
Catholic/Orthodox, 1054
Reform/Orthodox,
CE; Catholic/Protestant,
1800s CE
1500s CE
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Comparison of Religious Beliefs
Islam
Judaism
Christianity
type of theism
strict monotheism
strict monotheism
Trinitarian monotheism
ultimate reality
one God
one God
one God
names of God
Allah (Arabic for God)
Yahweh, Elohim
Yahweh, the Holy Trinity
other spiritual beings
angels, demons, jinn
angels and demons
angels and demons
revered humans
prophets, imams
(especially in Shia)
prophets
saints, church fathers
identity of Jesus
true prophet of God, whose
message has been
corrupted
not prophet
Son of God, God incarnate,
savior of the world
Not part of beliefs
Not part of beliefs
affirmed
through Muhammad,
recorded in Qur'an
through Prophets,
recorded in Bible
through Prophets and Jesus
(as God Himself), recorded in
Bible
correct belief, good deeds,
Five Pillars
belief in God, good
deeds
correct belief, faith, good
deeds, sacraments (some
Protestants emphasize faith
alone)
eternal paradise: heaven
views vary: heaven
eternal heaven
Jews and Christians are
respected as "People of the
Book," but they have wrong
beliefs and only partial
revelation.
Islam and Christianity
are false
interpretations and
extensions of Judaism.
Judaism is a true religion, but
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with incomplete revelation.
resurrection of Jesus
divine revelation
means of salvation
good afterlife
view of fellow
Abrahamic religions