Transcript Benchmark Review

Benchmark Review
26.1
• Refracting- Galileo, uses lenses,
and can’t be made large. Distorts
images.
• Reflecting- Newton, uses mirrors,
and can be made in many sizes.
26.2
• No atmosphere to interfere.
26.3
• Rotating
26.4
• 24
26.5
• Very small amount
26.6
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aphelion: earth farthest from the sun (July)
perihelion: earth closest to sun (January)
galaxy: a collection of stars, dust, and gas bound
together by gravity
rotation: earth spinning once every 24 hrs
solstice: sun at highest/lowest point in sky
depending on season
revolution: 1 complete circle around the sun 365 ¼
days
equinox: earth is neither titled towards or away
from the sun 12 hrs night/day everywhere
26.6 cont.
• UV radiation: means “beyond the
violet” and has wavelengths shorter
than waves of visible light.
• Astronomy: scientific study of the
universe
• Infrared radiation: means “below the
red. ”Infrared is radiation that has
waves longer than waves of visible
light.
26.7
• Different wavelengths
26.8
• Equinoxes- Spring (Vernal), March 21st
0 Degrees, Equator….. Fall (Autumnal),
September 21st/22nd 0 degrees, Equator
• Solstices- Summer, June 21st, 23.5
degrees N, Tropic of Cancer…… Winter,
December 21st, 23.5 degrees S, Tropic
of Capricorn.
26.9
• 12 and 12
26.10
• A- Summer B-Spring (Vernal), and C
Winter
26.11
• Columbia and Challenger
26.12
• False… has to do with tilt
26.13
• In June the farther North you go
the more hours of daylight you will
have.
27.1
• Gravity- The force that exists between two
bodies in the universe
• Planet- Any of the 8 primary bodies that
orbit the sun
• Orbital Period- The time required for a
body to complete a single orbit
• Solar Nebula- A rotating cloud of gas and
dust that gave rise to the Earth’s solar
system
27.1 Cont.
• Planetesimal- A small body from which a
planet originated in the solar system’s
early development.
• Protoplanet- A large body formed when
planetesimals joined together.
27.2
• Geocentric- Earth Centered
Aristotle
• Heliocentric- Sun Centered
Copernicus
27.3
• Longer
27.4
• Law 1: Law of Ellipses. Planets travel in an
elliptical (oval) shape around the sun
• Law 2: Law of Equal Areas. (Speed) The
closer the planet is to the sun that faster it will go
around the sun because of the gravitational pull
of the sun.
• Law 3: Law of Periods. (Distance) The closer
the planet is to the sun the less distance is has
to move to go around the sun.
27.5
• 1. Revised the reflective telescope and
uses it to discover the moons of Jupiter,
sunspots, and craters on the moon.
Galileo
• 2. Proposed the geocentric model of the
solar system Aristotle
• 3. Proposed the heliocentric model of the
solar system Copernicus
27.5 Cont.
• 4. Predicts motions of the sun, moon,
stars, and planets. Ptolemy
• 5. Proposed the three laws of planetary
motion. Protégé to Brahe. Kepler
• 6. Discovered that comets were further
from the Earth than the moon. Gathered
years of precise observational data with
minimal equipment. Brahe
27.6
• Wandering Stars
27.7
• Kepler
27.8
• Terrestrial- Mercury, Venus, Earth,
and Mars (inner 4)
• Jovian- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
and Neptune (outer 4)
27.9
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune.
28.1
• Maria (Mare)- a large, dark area of lunar basalt.
• Crater- a bowl-shaped depression that forms on
an object when another object strikes it.
• Moon- a smaller natural body that orbits the sun
• Satellite- a smaller natural or artificial body that
revolves around a planet ex. our moon
• Regolith- layer of crushed rock and dust on the
moon’s surface.
28.1 Cont.
• Apogee- the point when a satellite is at its
farthest point from Earth in its orbit around
Earth.
• Perigee-the point when a satellite is at its
closest point from Earth in its orbit around
Earth.
• Barycenter- the balance point of the EarthMoon system.
28.1 Cont.
• Comet- a small body of rock, ice, and dust that
follows an elliptical orbit around the solar
system.
• Asteroid- a small, rocky object that orbits the sun
with a planet-like composition.
• Umbra- the inner cone shaped part of the
shadow where the sunlight in completely
blocked.
• Penumbra- outer part of the shadow where the
sunlight is partially blocked.
28.1 Cont
• Oort Cloud- Area were scientists think
that most comets originated from.
Located beyond the orbit of the former
planet Pluto.
• Kuiper Belt- area where small objects
orbit the sun. Beyond the orbit of
Neptune. Pluto is in the Kuiper Belt the
majority of its orbit.
28.2
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1. 1st Quarter (B)
2. Waxing Crescent (E)
3. New (F)
4. Waning Crescent (G)
5. 3rd Quarter (A)
6. Waning Gibbous (C)
7. Full (H)
8. Waxing Gibbous (D)
28.3
• 1. Impact- Mars sized object strikes
Earth
• 2. Debris- Debris from impact
orbited Earth
• 3. Debris eventually comes
together to from moon
28.4
• Maria (Mare), regolith, rilles, and
ridges
28.5
• Depths?- Near 60 km Far 100 Km
• Why different depths?- gravitational
pull of Earth.
• We always see the near side
• We always see the near side because of
the similar Earth/Moon orbit.
• Near side is smooth and far side is
rough, cratered, and rocky (because of
impacts)
28.6
• Gravitational. 12 and 12
28.7
• Apollo
28.8
• Sidereal- 27.3 Days
• Synodic- 29.5 Days
• This will not be on your test!
28.9
• Meteoroids- Floats around in space
• Meterorites- Hit Earth
• Meteors- Burns up in Earth’s
atmosphere.
28.10
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Stony, iron, and stony-iron.
Most common- stony
Least common- stony-iron
Easiest to ID- Iron (its metallic)
28.11
• Comet- Dirty Snowball
• Meteor- Shooting Star
28.12
• Every 76 Years!
28.13
• ELE- Extinction Level Event
• NEO- Near Earth Object
28.14
• K-T Boundary
• Walter Alverez
• All over the world (initially found in
Italy)
• Chixalub (Devil’s Tail) off the coast
of the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico)
28.15
• Between Mars and Jupiter
• A planet had started to form, but
the gravitational pull of Jupiter was
to strong.
28.16
• It has no atmosphere. Thus, it
has no weather or erosion!
29.1
• Prominence- loop of incandescent gas that
extends above the photosphere
• Corona- the outermost layer of gases, just
above the photosphere
• Convective zone- the area between the
radiative zone and the photosphere where
energy is carried in an upward movement.
29.1 Cont.
• Chromosphere- thin layer of gases, just
above the photosphere.
• Radiative Zone- the area between the core
and the convective zone in which energy
moves by radiation.
• Photosphere- the visible layer of the sun.
• Solar Flare- a sudden outward eruption of
electrically charged particles
29.1 Cont.
• Coronal mass ejection- a part of coronal
gas thrown into space by the sun.
• Sunspot- cooler, dark area of the
photosphere, with a strong magnetic field.
• Aurora- colored light produced when
charged particles from solar wind react
with Earth’s upper atmosphere.
29.2
• Core
• Nuclear Fusion- Changes
Hydrogen into Helium.
29.3
• Medium size, temperature, and age
star
29.4
• Aurora Borealis is another name for the
Northern Lights