Transcript detectivework3 - Minds & Machines Home

How Do You Stack Up Against
Spock, Holmes, Wolf, Moriarity…?
Selmer Bringsjord
Chair, Department of Cognitive Science
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy NY USA
[email protected]
www.rpi.edu/~brings
What is Logic?
• The science of reasoning.
• The only invincible subject there is.
• The basis for all things intellectual, from
engineering to computer science to philosophy.
• The most challenging subject there is.
• A key to riches.
• The key to divining the meaning of life (and other
such big questions)
• One of two fundamental approaches to studying
minds, and replicating/simulating minds in
machines…
• The thing many creatures of fiction have mastered
– have you (as a New Yorker)?…
• …
Number Sense
5
1
3
11
7
9
4
Vicky’s secret number is inside the triangle. It is
outside the square. It is greater than 7 but less than 10.
Vicky’s secret number is… 9
Simple Selection Task
E
T
4
7
Suppose I claim that the following rule is true.
If a card has a vowel on one side, it has an even number on
the other side.
Which card or cards should you turn over in order to try to decide
Whether the rule is true or false?
“NYS 1”
Given the statements
a  b
b
ca
which one of the following statements must also be true?
c
b
c
h
a
none of the above
“NYS 2”
Which one of the following statements is logically equivalent to the
following statement: “If you are not part of the solution, then you
are part of the problem.”
If you are part of the solution, then you are not part of the problem.
If you are not part of the problem, then you are part of the solution.
If you are part of the problem, then you are not part of the solution.
If you are not part of the problem, then you are not part of the
solution.
“NYS 3”
Given the statements
c
ca
a  b
bd
(d  e)
which one of the following statements must also be true?
c
e
h
a
all of the above
J-L 1
Suppose that the following premise is true:
If there is a king in the hand, then there is an ace
in the hand, or else if there isn’t a king in the hand,
then there is an ace.
What can you infer from this premise?
NO!
There is an ace in the hand. NO!
In fact, what you can infer is that there isn’t an ace in the hand!
Problem Given Selmer on Train
Everyone loves anyone who loves someone.
Alvin loves Bill.
Can you infer that everyone loves Bill?
ANSWER:
JUSTIFICATION:
Problem Given Selmer on Train
Everyone loves anyone who loves someone.
Alvin loves Bill.
Can you infer that everyone loves Bill?
ANSWER: Yup.
JUSTIFICATION: See proof just given.
Harder Variants
Everyone loves anyone who loves someone.
Alvin doesn’t love Bill.
Can you infer that Cath loves Bill?
Can you infer that Cath loves Dave?
ANSWER:
JUSTIFICATION:
Harder Variants
Everyone loves anyone who loves someone.
Alvin doesn’t love Bill.
Can you infer that Cath loves Bill?
Can you infer that Cath loves Dave?
ANSWER: Yes x 2
JUSTIFICATION: See proof just given.
Bringsjord 1
(1) The following three assertions are either all true or
all false:
If Billy helped, Doreen helped.
If Doreen helped, Frank did as well.
If Frank helped, so did Emma.
(2) The following assertion is definitely
true: Billy helped.
Can it be inferred from (1) and (2) that Emma helped?
YUP!
The Dreadsbury Mansion Mystery
Someone who lives in Dreadsbury Mansion killed Aunt Agatha.
Agatha, the butler, and Charles live in Dreadsbury Mansion, and
are the only people who live therein. A killer always hates his
victim, and is never richer than his victim. Charles hates no one
that Aunt Agatha hates. Agatha hates everyone except the butler.
The butler hates everyone not richer than Aunt Agatha. The
Email
yourAgatha
answerhates.
withNo
supporting
proof
butler hates
everyone
one hates everyone.
Agatha is not the butler.
Now, given the above clues, there is a bit of disagreement
between three (competent?) Norwegian detectives. Inspector
Bjorn is sure that Charles didn’t do it. Is he right? Inspector
Reidar is sure that it was a suicide. Is he right? Inspector Olaf is
sure that the butler, despite conventional wisdom, is innocent. Is
he right?
Last Brain Teaser
Is the following assertion true or false? Prove that you are correct.
There exists something which is such that if it’s a bird, then
everything is a bird.
Email your answer with supporting proof
Minds & Machines Program
• Cognitive Science and Artificial
Intelligence at the undergraduate level
• Research
• A community
• Interactive entertainment/edutainment
• Marketable background
Minds & Machines Program
• Prepares students to build, and manage the
building and use of, autonomously smart
machines:
• Artificial agents
• Synthetic characters
• Robots
• Immobots
• Expert systems
• …
Minds & Machines Program
• Prepares students to build, and manage the
building and use of, machine systems
designed to make us -- minds -- smarter:
–
–
–
–
Intelligent tutoring systems
Driving/flight simulators
Test creation assistants
…
Areas of Study/Employment
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gaming
Virtual Reality and Cognition
Software Development and Engineering
Intelligent Agents
Information Systems/Knowledge Engineering
Logic and Expert Systems
Cognitive Robotics
Human-Computer Interface
Cognitive Ergonomics/Human Factors
Team-Based Research
• Reasoning and Decision-Making
– … projects …
• Top-to-Bottom Modeling/Simulation
– … projects …
• Cognitive Human Factors
– … projects …
How Do I Sign Up?
• Express interest and rationale to Bram van
Heuveln (email)
• Pick suitable BS dual-major marrying “minds”
and “machines” with advisors signing form
– E.g., comp sci/psych or comp sci/phil dual major
• Get your bio in and register on our web site
• Sign Lab Policy Agreement, submit to Marc EE
Marc, Technical Director of Cognitive Science
• You’re in the community! Now leave Wed 12n1:30 open in your schedule if at all possible
Three Final Points
• Ultimate in “value added” education
• Students generate web-based portfolios that will
come in handy for potential employers and grad
schools
• cultivate the ability to write and speak in clear
compelling English -- by having papers, debates
and discussions revolve around the fun,
fascinating “big” philosophical issues raised by
Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Cognitive
Science.