Transcript AP World History Chapter 3

AP World History
Chapter 10
East Asia in the Post-Classical Period
The Imperial Age
Taika, Nara, and Heian (7th to 9th centuries)
• Borrowing from China at height
Taika Reforms
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Copy Chinese style of rule, two officials sent to China
during Tang. They returned with information on
government.
Bureaucracy, Central Government Stronger
Opposed by aristocracy, Buddhist monks
Heian Period
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Capital to Heian (Kyoto)
Abandons Taika reforms
Aristocracy restored to power
During the Heian the Fujiwara clan married their daughters to
the heirs to the throne, thus ensuring their authority.
• The pleasure loving emperors lost control of policy to
aristocratic court families.
• This loss of control led to Japanese Feudalism.
Court Life in the Heian Era
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Court culture
Codes of behavior
Aesthetic enjoyment
Poetry
Women and men take part
Lady Murasaki, Tale of Genji
The Decline of Imperial Power
• Fujiwara family
– Dominate government
– Cooperate with Buddhists
– Elite cult
• Regional lords (bushi)
– Fortress bases
– Semi-independent
– Samurai
• Warrior class emerges
– Martial arts esteemed
– Special code
– Family honor
– Death rather than defeat
– Seppuku or hari-kiri
• Peasants lose status, freedom
– Salvationist Buddhism
The Era of Warrior Dominance
• By the 11th and 12th centuries
– Family rivalries dominate
– Taira, Minamoto
• The Declining Influence of China
– 838, Japanese embassies to China stopped
– Gempei Wars
– 1185, Minamoto victorious
– Bakufu, military government
– Kamakura, capital
The Breakdown of Bakufu Dominance
and the Age of the Warlords
Yoritomo
• Minamoto leader
• Assassinates relatives
• Death brings succession struggle
Hojo family
• Minamoto, emperor figureheads
Ashikaga Takuaji
• Minamoto
• 14th century, overthrows Kamakura rule
• Ashikaga Shogunate established
• Emperor driven from Kyoto
• Struggle weakens all authority
Japanese Feudalism: 1467-1477, civil war among
Ashikaga factions
• The Age of Warlords divided
Japan into 300 small states
each ruled by a different
Warlord.
• The Emperor lost more
control to the Shogons.
• Toward Barbarism?
• Military Division and Social Change
• Warfare becomes more brutal
• Daimyo support commerce
• Artistic Solace for a Troubled Age
• Zen Buddhism
– Important among elite
– Point of contact with China
Korea: Between China and Japan
• Separate, but greatly influenced
• Ancestors from Siberia, Manchuria
• By 4th century B.C.E., farming,
metalworking
Tang Alliances and the Conquest of Korea
• 109 B.C.E., Choson kingdom conquered by Han
– Silla, Paekche
• Koguryo people
– Resist Chinese dominance
• Sinification increases after fall of the Han
– Buddhism an important vehicle
• Sinification: The Tributary Link
• Silla, Koryo dynasties (668-1392)
– Peak of Chinese influence
– Silla politically independent
Koryo Collapse, Dynastic Renewal
Revolts
• Caused by labor, tax burdens
• Weaken Silla, Koryo governments
1231, Mongol invasion
• Followed by turmoil
1392, Yi dynasty founded
• Lasts until 1910
The Making of Vietnam, Chinese push south to
Red River valley
Chinese push south to Red River valley
Viets
• Retain distinctiveness
Qin
• Raid into Vietnam, 220s B.C.E.
• Commerce increased
• Viets conquer Red River lords
Merge with Mon-Khmer, Tai
Culture distinct from China
• Women generally have higher status
Conquest and Sinification
• Han
• Expand, Vietnam becomes a tributary
• from 111 B.C.E., direct control
• Chinese culture systematically introduced
The Making of Vietnam
Roots of Resistance
• Resistance from aristocracy, peasants
• Women participate
• 39 C.E., Revolt of Trung sisters
Winning Independence and Continuing Chinese Influences
• Distance from China helps resistance
• Independence by 939 until 19th century
• Le Dynasty (980-1009)
– Using Chinese-style bureaucracy
The Making of Vietnam
The Vietnamese Drive to the South
• Indianized Khmer
• Defeated, Viets expand into Mekong delta region
Expansion and Division
Hanoi
• Far from frontiers
• Cultural divisions develop following intermarriage with Chams,
Khmers
Nguyen dynasty
• Capital at Hue, by late 1500s
• Challenge Trinh in North
• Rivalry until 18th century
Sui Dynasty
Wendi
• Nobleman
• Victory over Chen united traditional Chinese Core.
• Built grain bins for storing grain.
• Lowered taxes and built massive canals.
• Leads nomadic leaders to control northern China
• 589, defeat of Chen kingdom
Yangdi Emperor
• Murdered Father.
• Established milder legal code
• Upgraded Confucian education and restored examination
system.
• Extravagant living and building led to social upheaval.
Tang Dynasty
• Extended boarder to Afghanistan.
• Continued the re-building of the Great Wall.
• Re-building of the bureaucracy.
–Aristocracy weakened
–Confucian ideology revised
–Scholar-gentry elite reestablished
–Bureaucracy
–Bureau of Censors
Confucianism and Buddhism
Confucianism and Buddhism potential rivals
Buddhism had been central
Mahayana Buddhism popular in era of turmoil
Chan (Zen) Buddhism common among elite
Early Tang support Buddhism
Empress Wu (690-705)
Endows monasteries
Tried to make Buddhism the state religion
50,000 monasteries by c. 850
The Anti-Buddhist Backlash
Confucians in administration
• Support taxation of Buddhist monasteries
Persecution under Emperor Wuzong (841-847)
• Monasteries destroyed
• Lands redistributed
Confucian emerges the central ideology
Tang Decline
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755 CE, Revolts
Ineffective leaders
Frontier boarders raided
Corrupt government officials
907 CE, last Tang emperor resigns
Song Dynasty
• Song founded in 960 C.E
• Song unable to defeat northern nomads.
• Song payed tribute to Liao
Song Politics
Settling for Partial Restoration
• Scholar-gentry patronized
• Given power over military
The Revival of Confucian Thought
• Libraries established
• Old texts recovered
Neo-confucians
• Stress on personal morality
• Zhu Xi
• Importance of philosophy in everyday life
• Hostility to foreign ideas
• Gender, class, age distinctions reinforced
Roots of Decline: Attempts at Reform
Khitan independence encourages others
Tangut, Tibet
• Xi Xia
• Song pay tribute
Wang Anshi
• Confucian scholar, chief minister
• Reforms
• Supported agricultural expansion
• Landlords, scholar-gentry taxed
Southern Song Dynasty
Jurchens defeat Liao in the North
• 1115, found Jin kingdom
• Invade China
Southern Song Dynasty
• New capital at Hangzhou
• Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279)
Tang and Song Prosperity:
The Basis of a Golden Age
Canal system
• Built to accommodate population shift
• Yangdi's Grand Canal
• Links North to South
Silk routes reopened
• Greater contact with Buddhist, Islamic regions
Sea trade
• Developed by late Tang, Song
• Junks
Commerce expands
• Credit
• Deposit shops
• Flying money
Urban growth
• Changan
– Tang capital
– 2 million
Tang and Song Prosperity:
The Basis of a Golden Age
Expanding Agrarian Production and Life in the Country
• New areas cultivated
• Canals help transport produce
Aristocratic estates
• Divided among peasants
• Scholar-gentry replace aristocracy
Family and Society in the Tang-Song Era
• Great continuity
• Marriage brokers
• Elite women have broader opportunities
– Empresses Wu, Wei
• Divorce widely available
The Neo-Confucian Assertion of Male
Dominance
Neo-Confucians reduce role of women
• Confinement
• Men allowed great freedom
• Men favored in inheritance, divorce
• Women not educated
• Foot binding
Glorious Age Conclusion
Invention and Artistic Creativity
• Influence over neighbors
• Economy stimulated by advances in farming, finance
• Explosives
• Used by Song for armaments
• Compasses, abacus
• Bi Sheng
– Printing with moveable type
• Scholarly Refinement and Artistic Accomplishment
– Scholar-gentry key
– Change from Buddhist artists
– Secular scenes more common
• Li Bo
– Poet
– Nature a common theme in poetry, art