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Chinese Religion
Part II:
The Terrain of Faith: Government, Practices and Behaviour
Session 8:
Creating and Inscribing Territory:
Ritual, Art, Architecture and
Community Life
Dr Paul Hedges
Ritual
Daoist and Confucian
Ritual Traditions
Art & Architecture
Daoist and Religious Art
Temple Architecture
Community Life
Daoist monasticism
Lay religious orders
Session
Overview
Ritual
• What is it?
– The Fourth Tradition
• What is it?
– Traditions of local
cults/ gods &
goddesses
– Traditions of national
gods and customs, e.g.
Stove God, ancestral
veneration, New Year
– Popular practices and
customs
• Traditionally associated with ‘religious
Daoism’ – own integral system
• Represents vast mass of devotional
practice
• Local and national cults and practices
Elements of Folk
Religion
• Joseph Adler
– Shu/ reciprocity
• Bribes to gods
• Mutual obligations/ relationship
• Alvin Cohen
–
–
–
–
–
–
Protection (life & property)
He/ harmony (nature)
Peace and harmony at home
Success (life)
Salvation after death
Good rebirth
• C. K. Yang
– Distinction:
• Institutional
– In temples/ formalized settings
• Diffused
– At home or other places
Questions:
1) Are these
distinct
characteristics
of folk religion?
2) Is this found in
other Chinese
traditions?
3) How does it
differ from other
faiths?
Folk Religion
and the Great
Traditions
• Distinctions from:
– Buddhism
• Separate rites
• Different deities
– Daoism
• Understandings: deities, immortals
• Different rites
• Different priests (shamans)
– Confucianism
• Mockery of ethics
• Different rationale (xun zi)
• Distance from officialdom
• Connections with:
– Buddhism
• Guanyin
• Funeral rites
– Daoism
•
•
•
•
Immortals
Use of priests
Exorcism
deities
– Confucianism
• Morality: Filial piety
• Ancestral rites
Fox spirits
• Background:
– Common belief across Far
East
– Spiritual beings (people who
can assume fox form or
foxes who can assume
human form?)
– Tricksters
– Supernatural powers
– Stories and tales: see handout
• Pu Songling, Strange Tales
from Make-Do Studio,
‘Yingning’
• ‘Sex with Foxes’
Ancestral Cult 1
• History
• Practices
– Ancestral temples
– Ancestral tablets
•
•
•
•
•
Incense
•
Food
‘Grave goods’
Daily/ monthly/ yearly
5 generations (xiao/ filial piety)
• Festivals
– Qingming/ Tomb Sweeping
• Popular
– Ghost Festival/ All Souls
• Esp. Buddhist/ Daoist
– Shang Dynasty – cult of kings
– Continues through Zhou
– By or around Han dynasty
popularized
Beliefs
– ancestors can help you
– ancestors can harm you
• Tradition
• Provide nourishment
– you can help ancestors
• possibly response to Buddhism/
internal Daoist dynamics?
Ancestral Cult 2
‘Tomb
goods’/
Paper
offerings
Relates
• Divination
Everyday
Practices
– Consult fortune tellers
– I Jing
• Confucian and Daoist text
– Palm reading and other
methods
• Horoscope
– 12 animals
– Used for marriage
arrangements
• Feng shui
– Building arrangement/
geomancy
– Both ‘spiritual’ and ‘secular’
Folk Deities and
Popular Divinities 1
Some cross-over with Daoist pantheon
E.g. Jade Emperor
‘Head’ of popular pantheon, lower deity in Daoism
Other deities just in folk tradition
E.g. Mazu
‘Mother Goddess’, very popular with coastal
dwellers
Some movement: popular > ‘official’
Baxian/ 8 Immortals
Very popular folk deities > enter Quanzhen
pantheon
Lu Dongbing
Popular stories – see handout
Folk Deities and
‘Home’ deity
Popular
Annual report to Jade Emperor
Divinities 2
Guandi
Stove god
Warrior deity – guardian of Daoist temples (also in Buddhist)
One of many guardian figures
Guanyin
Bodhisattva of Compassion (Avalokiteshvara)
(Fe)male ‘Goddess of Compassion’
City Gods
Official observance by Confucian officials (as local earth gods)
Popular devotion/ affiliation through other traditions
The 3 Star Gods
Tianguan: happiness
Wenchang: culture & wealth
Shouxing: longevity
Folk Deities and
Popular Divinities 3
Permeable border of human and divine
Historical figures can become deities in afterlife
Pantheon populated by great figures of history
Can advance or be demoted – related to this
worldly concerns/ family fortunes
E.g.:
Julia Ching’s ancestor = city
god of Shanghai
Confucius and Lao Zi
Guan yu/ Guandi
See Cheng, The Origin of
Chinese Deities, handout
The Romance of the Three
Kingdoms
Bokenkamp, S., Ancestors and Anxiety: Daoism
and the Birth of Rebirth in China, Berkeley:
University of California Press, 2007
Classic Novels
• China’s Great Novels
– The Dream of the Red Chamber
(text)
•
http://lib.hku.hk/bonsall/hongloumeng/index1.html
•
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~asia/DreamRedChamberOutline.html
(outline)
– The Romance of the Three Kingdoms
– The Outlaws of the Marsh
• Aka The Water Margin
– Journey to the West
• Aka Monkey
• Often include
religious elements
– Blended in with
Chinese culture
– Part of nexus of
Chinese selfunderstanding
http://www.cctv.com/program/cultureexpress/20081029/106115_2.shtml
Journey to the West
Based on journeys of Xuan Zang
Buddhist monk/ translator
To India to fetch scriptures
As novel
http://www.greatsage.net/monkeyphotoalbum/tripitaka.html
Personae Dramatis
Tripitaka – the Tang Monk
Sun Wukong – the Monkey King
Pigsy
Sandy
The Horse – dragon
Guanyin
Versions
Main = Wu Chengen C 16th
Stories = older + various versions
Buddhist, Daoist, etc.
Themes
Spiritual landscape of demons and
monsters
Irony & parody: officialdom & official
religion
The Monkey
King
The ‘Hero’
Responsible for fame
and popularity of stories
.
Represents primal
chaos/ creation – becomes
ordered/ brought into
balance/ harmony
http://www.greatsage.net/monkeyphotoalbum/introubleagain.html
Representations:
Alban Damon, Monkey: Journey to the West
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NR7EEoOwIdg
Monkey: Monkey Magic
http://www.greatsage.net/
Some Stories
Short Stories of the
Ming & Qing
Ventriloquism
Demonstrates scepticism
The Taoist of Lao Mountain
Popular notions of the magic of
Laoshan Daoists
The Cricket
Corruption
Princess Lotus
Bees
Ghost-Girl Wanxia
A Chinese Ghost Story
Fox-Girl Qingfeng
More fox spirits
Ming and Qing Dynasties see
many folk tales represented in
collections of short stories
Most famous: Strange Tales from
Make-do Studio by Pu Songling
(1640-1715), c. 500 stories
Session
Summary
• We have looked at:
– Folk Religion
• Some theory
• Its relation to Chinese religions
generally
• Specific aspects of folk religion
– E.g. ancestor veneration, deities,
feng shui, etc.
– Traditional Chinese novels/ stories
• Some aspects of religion in these
• Specifically at Journey to the West
and Strange Tales from Make-Do
Studio
Dynasties
Shang
Zhou
Han
Terms
Xun Zi
Traditions:
Folk Religion
Confucius
Buddhism
Lao Zi
Daoism
XuanZang
Ming
Qing
People
Quanzhen
Confucianism
Books
I Jing/ Book of Changes
Romance of the Three
Kingdoms
Outlaws of the Marsh
Terms
Shu/ reciprocity
He/ harmony
Xiao/ filial piety
Shamans
Huli jing/ fox spirits
Feng shui
Journey to the West
Baxian/ 8 Immortals
Dream of the Red Chamber
City Gods
Strange Tales from Make-Do
Studio
Sanxing/ 3 Star Gods
Individual ‘Gods’
Jade Emperor
Mazu
Lu Dongbing
Guandi/ Guanyu
Stove God
Tianguan
Wenchang
Shouxing
Sun Wukong