Transcript Contemporary World: International Relations & Organisations 當代世

Contemporary World: International
Relations and Organisations
第7單元:西藏人權議題研究
Unit 7: Human Rights in Tibet
Lecturer: Dr. Andrea, Pei-Shan Kao
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Crisis in Tibet
*Who: Tibet- China administers it as an “autonomous
region”.
*Where: Central Asia, the west part of China, next to
Qinghai
*What: Tibetan Buddhist monks staged protests against
Chinese rule. (西藏人民抗議中國的統治)
*When: March 10, 2008
*How: The Chinese authorities have sealed Lhasa with a
large military (i.e. the PLA-People’s Liberation Army) and
armed police. (中國政府以人民解放軍和武警進駐並封鎖
拉薩)
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China-Tibet Relations
*1911: Tibet is declared “an independent republic (獨立共和
國)” after decades of rebuffing attempts by Britain and China
to establish control.
*1935: The man who will later become the 14th Dalai Lama is
born to a peasant family in a small village in north-eastern
Tibet. Two years later, Buddhist officials declare him to be
the reincarnation of the 13 previous Dalai Lamas.
*1949: Mao Zedong proclaims the founding of the PRC
(People’s Republic of China 中華人民共和國) and threaten
Tibet with “liberation”.
*1950: Chinese People’s Liberation Army (中國人民解放軍)
troops march into Tibet.
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*1951: Tibetan leaders sign a treaty, known as the “Seventeen
Point Agreement(十七點協議)”, with China. The treaty
professes to guarantee Tibetan autonomy (保證西藏自治) and
to respect the Buddhist religion (尊重佛教信仰), but also
allows the establishment of Chinese civil and military
headquarters at Lhasa.
*1954: Chairman Mao meets Dalai Lama in Beijing.
*1959: Tibetan stage abortive uprising after reforms are
introduced to end centuries of feudalism. The Dalai Lama
flees to India with an estimated 80,000 followers. He
establishes a “government-in-exile” in Dharamsala but no
country recognises it.
*1965: Chinese government establishes Tibet Autonomous
Region (西藏自治區).
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*1966: After China’s Cultural Revolution (文化大革命)
begins, Tibetan Red Guards (紅衛兵) close monasteries in
Tibet, smash Buddhist statues and force monks and nuns
to return to secular life.
*1972: US President Richard Nixon’s China visit ends
programme in which Central Intelligence Agency (CIA中情
局) trained Tibetans who fought guerrilla war against
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in Tibet.
*1980s: China introduce market reforms (Open Door Policy
門戶開放政策) and boosts investment while resisting any
move towards greater autonomy for Tibet.
→ Market Reforms≠ Political Reforms
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*March 1989: Martial law(戒嚴) is imposed in Lhasa after
days of rioting sparked by January death of the 10th Panchen
Lama (班傑喇嘛), most senior figure in Tibetan Buddhism
after Dalai Lama.
*October 1989: Dalai Lama is awarded Nobel Peace Prize (達
賴喇嘛獲得諾貝爾和平獎).
*August 1993: Dalai Lama says at a rare news conference he is
fighting for Tibet’s political autonomy, not independence. (達賴
喇嘛聲稱他是為西藏政治自治而戰 ，不是為獨立而戰)
*1994: Dalai Lama suspends dialogue with China due to lack
of progress.
*May 1995: Dalai Lama declares 6-year-old Gedhun Choekyi
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Nyima as reincarnation of late 10th Panchen Lama.
*December 1995: India-based Tibetans protest Beijing’s choice
of a 6-year-old boy, Gyaincain Norbu, as the 11th Panchen
Lama, considering him a “fake”.
*December 1999: Dalai Lama says Tibetans would be satisfied
with self-rule but accuses the Chinese of cultural genocide (文
化種族滅絕).
*July 2006: China opens Qinghai-Tibet Railway (青藏鐵路), the
world’s highest railroad, saying it will help modernise and
develop Tibet. Tibet advocacy groups say it is accelerating an
influx of Han Chinese and threatens its fragile high-altitude
environment.
*March 2008: Protests against Chinese rule escalate into the
worst violence Tibet has seen in 20 years, five months before
Beijing hosts the Olympic Games.
Source: Reuters, BBC. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2b8fd84a-f422-11dc-aaad-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=9c33700,
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“consulted in March 2008”.
Beside, prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympics, violence
erupted along the Olympic torch relay route
because of Beijing's Tibet policy.
*March 10, 2009 –
It is the 50th anniversary of the 1959 "Tibetan
uprising" that caused the 14th Dalai Lama to flee to
India.
Source: http://www.vdfus.org/i/Slideshow-Tibet-5.jpg,
“consulted in March 2009”.
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Source: http://www.mahawa.jw-music.net/images/tibet.jpg, “consulted in
March 2009”.
Obama meets Dalai Lama despite
Chinese warning
* Dalai Lama meeting sure to draw more
Chinese complaints
 * "Mature" ties can withstand discord, White
House says
 * Obama administration mindful of Chinese
sensitivities (Adds quotes and details)

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Class Discussion 1:
Topics:
(1) Do you support Tibet’s Human
Rights Issues?
(2) Some people like to use Tibet to
Compare with the case of Taiwan;
how do you look at it?
Please express your views and
opinions with your partners?
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