Transcript Japan - dascolihum.com

Japan Map
Japanese Civilization
• 10,000 - 300 BCE - Prehistoric period of tribal/clan
organization Stone Age hunters and gatherers who make jomon
(rope-patterned) pottery inhabit Japan
• 660 BCE - Mythological Jimmu (Divine Warrior),
descendant of sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami, founds
first Japanese empire
• 300 BCE – 300CE – Yayoi Perido - Rice cultivation,
metalworking, and the potter's wheel are introduced from
China and Korea
• 100-300 CE - Local clans form small political units
Japanese Religion - Shintoism
• The most significant influences that arrived from Korea
and China in Japan were in the realm of religion
• Most important of all was the arrival of Buddhism
• However the Japanese did have an indigenous religion,
called Shinto
• Shinto started out as a nature worship religion and
evolved into a state religion of patriotic appreciation to
the Japanese land itself
• Shintoism also would include animism and ancestor
worship
• Shinto rituals could be performed in homes as well as in
temples – allowing it to become a more personal religion
• To an extent, the development of Shintoism was a
reaction against foreign influence, especially that of
China.
Japanese Religion - Shintoism
• In the 7th-8th centuries, the Japanese wrote
down their native myths and legends in a
collection called Kojiki (Chronicles of Ancient
Events)
• In it are the creation myths and foundation of the
Shinto religion
• Shinto gods are called kami
• Izanagi and Izanami were the first gods from
whom all other gods descended
• The most important of whom is Ameterasu, the
sun goddess, who is considered the ancestor of
all Japanese emperors
Japanese Art
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Jomon Earthenware Pot
2000 BCE
Japan
Pottery
Use of geometric patterns
to create various
impressions
• Called Jomon (rope)
because the patterns are
rope-like in appearance
Japanese Art
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Haniwa Figures
5th – 4th centuries BCE
Japan
Sculpture
These figures were
placed on the tops of
graves
• Each one representing
the deceased below or
his/her interests
Japanese Art
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Horyu-ji Kondo
670 CE
Nara, Japan
Architecture
Oldest wooden temple in
Japan
• Japanese favored lateral
over linear movement
and building are lined up
left to right rather than
one in front of the other
Horyu-ji kondo
Phoenix Hall
1053 C.E.
Byodoin, Uji, Japan
Architecture
The Phoenix is the mythical bird that
supposedly protects the Buddha
Was originally a private villa converted into
a temple during Heian Period
Japanese Art
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Shaka Triad
623 CE
Nara, Japan
Artist: Tori Busshi
Asuka Period
The Buddha is flanked by
2 bodhisattvas sitting on
a throne
• Buddha’s name in Japan
is Shakyamuni
Japanese Art
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Tale of the Genji –Azumaya Chapter
12th century CE
Nagoya, Japan
Illuminated manuscript
Heian Hand scroll
Emphasis on placement of figures, costumes and design
Japanese Art
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Shokintei
1660s
Kyoto, Japan
Architecture
In the Katsura Palace
Gardens
• Named after the sound of
the wind in the pines that
surround it
• This is a typical Japanese
tea ceremony pavilion
• Nature is a key part of
Japanese aesthetics
Japanese Art
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Winter Landscape
1470s
Tokyo, Japan
Painting
Artist: Sesshu
Ashikaga Period
Harshness of pictorial
style is characteristic of
Sesshu’s work
• Suggests the cold bitter
mood of winter
Japanese Art
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Daruma Meditating
1760
Japan
Painting
Artist: Hakuin Ekaku
Attempt to capture the
intensity of meditation
Japanese Art
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Painting the Lips
1794 – 1795 CE
Tokyo, Japan
Painting/Relief
Artist: Utamaro Kitagawa
A wood block print meant
for mass production
• Since she has eyebrows
she is an unmarried
woman – most likely a
courtesan
Japanese Art
• The Great Wave off
Kanagawa
• 1831
• Tokyo, Japan
• Painting/Relief
• Artist: Hokusai
Katsushika
• Also a wood block print
for reproduction
• Depicts the power of
nature, Mount Fuji can be
seen in the distance – the
symbol of Japan’s
stability
Japanese Art
• Temple of the Golden
Pavilion
• 1397
• Kyoto, Japan
• Architecture
• Muromachi Period
• Built as a retreat for the
shogun Yoshimitsu and
converted into a temple
after his retirement
• Named because parts of
temple are covered with
gold leaf
Japanese Art
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Himeji Castle
1581 – 1609
Hyogo, Japan
Architecture
Living spaces and
fortifications are
combined into one space
• Made of strong masonry
made necessary by the
introduction of firearms
and cannons
Japanese Art
• Garden of the Daisen-in
Monastery
• 16th century
• Kyoto, Japan
• Architecture
• Artist: Kagaku Soku
• Used as a place of meditation
and assembly of Zen priests
• Vertical rocks represent cliffs,
horizontal stones represent
embankments and bridges and
trees in the back represent
mountains
Japanese Erotic Art
Group Orientation
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Kinship
Bureaucracy
Ie (household) system
Group decision making
Samurai spirit (loyalty)
Individual Expression
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Arts
Political and economic ambition
Private property
Individual rights
Samurai spirit (self-discipline)
The establishment of Japanese kinship
organization
• Prehistoric Jomon and Yayoi
cultures
• Establishment of Uji
(clan/family) based social
and political organization
• Yamato establishes first
control over large area
• Contact with Korea and
China
The rise of the Samurai
• The breakdown of imperial
administration and land contro
• The rise of the warrior bands
• The Kamakura Shogunate
(1192)
• The Ashikaga Shogunate
(1368)
• The Warring States (14671573)
Social Stratification
• Samurai and Nobility
(Shi)
• Farmers (No)
• Craftsmen (Ko)
• Merchants (Sho)
• (Floating world
(Ukiyo) people and
Eta)
Yamato Period: 300-710
Began promoting the adoption
of Chinese culture:
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Confucianism.
Language (kanji characters).
Buddhist sects.
Chinese art & architecture.
Government structure.
“Great Kings” era
Prince Shotoku: 573-621
 Adopted Chinese
culture and
Confucianism.
 Buddhist sects
allowed to develop.
 Created a new
government
structure:
 17 Article
Constitution
in 604. 
Heian Period: 794-1156
Characteristics:
 Growth of large landed estates.
 Arts & literature of China
flourished.
 Elaborate court life [highly refined]
 ETIQUETTE. 
 Personal diaries
 The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon [10c]
 Great novel
 The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki
Shikibu [1000 pgs.+] 
 Moving away from Chinese models in
religion, the arts, and government. 
Heian Period:
Cultural Borrowing
1.Chinese writing.
2.Chinese artistic styles.
3.Buddhism [in the form of
ZEN].
4.BUT, not the Chinese civil
service system! 
Heian Court Dress
The Pillow Book
by Sei Shonagon (diary)
The Pillow Book
by Sei Shonagon (diary)
Tale of Genji (first novel)
Tale of Genji Scroll
(first novel)
Lady Murasaki Shikibu
She contributed much to the Japanese
script known as kana, while men wrote
with Chinese characters, kanji.
Minamoto Yoritomo
Founded the Kamakura Shogunate:
1185-1333
The emperor
reigned, but did
not always rule!
Feudal
Society
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social
system based on loyalty, the
holding of land, and military
service.
Japan:
Shogun
Land - Shoen
Land - Shoen
Protection
Samurai
Peasant
Daimyo
Loyalty
Daimyo
Samurai
Peasant
Loyalty
Samurai
Peasant
Food
Peasant
Code of Bushido
* Fidelity
* Politeness
* Virility
* Simplicity
Seppuku:
Ritual Suicide
It is honorable to
die in this way.
Kaishaku – his
“seconds”
Full Samurai Attire
Samurai Sword
Early Mounted
Samurai Warriors
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social
system based on loyalty, the
holding of land, and military
service.
Europe:
King
Land - Fief
Land - Fief
Protection
Knight
Peasant
Lord
Loyalty
Lord
Knight
Peasant
Loyalty
Knight
Peasant
Food
Peasant
Code of Chivalry
* Justice
* Loyalty
* Defense
* Courage
* Faith
* Humility
* Nobility
Medieval Warriors
vs.
European knight
Samurai Warrior
Medieval Warriors
vs.
Knight’s Armor
Samurai Armor
Zen Buddhism
 A Japanese
variation of the
Mahayana form
of Buddhism,
which came from
India through
China.
 It reinforced the
Bushido values of
mental and
self-discipline.
Osaka Castle
Main Gate of
Hiroshima Castle
Caernorfon Castle,
Wales
Warwick Castle, England
The Age of the Warring States:
(1467 - 1568)
 Castles built on hills in different
provinces.
 Power shifts from above to
below.
 Europeans arrive in Japan 
bringing firearms & Christianity.
 Christianity & foreign trade
flourish.
Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)
 Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun.
 Unifies a large part of Japan.
Catholic Jesuits in Japan
St. Francis Xavier
[First Catholic Missionaries in Asia]
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
(1536-1598)
 Becomes suspicious
of European
territorial ambitions.
 Orders all European
missionaries expelled
from Japan. 
 Tries to invade
Korea, but fails.
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)
 Appointed shogun by
the Emperor.
 Four-class system
laid down with
marriage restricted
to members of the
same class! 
 Warriors.
 Farmers.
 Artisans.
 Merchants.
Tokugawa Shogunate Period
 Japan closed off to all trade
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[except to the Dutch and Chinese]. 
 The Dutch were restricted to a
small island in Nagasaki harbor.
Japanese Christians persecuted
and Christianity is forbidden.
The government is centralized with all
power in the hands of the shogun.
Domestic trade flourishes.
Towns, esp. castle towns, increase.
Merchant class becomes rich! 
New art forms  haiku poetry, kabuki
theater.
Polytheism
Shinto
Minimize
sin &
guilt
Amaterasu : Sun Goddess
Wedded Rocks at Futami no Ura
Union of Izanami &
Izanagi
Tree kami surrounded by
sacred boundaries
Torii Gate, Miyajima Island
Torii Gate in Winter
Torii Gate
A Tunnel of Torii Gates
Inari Mt., Kyoto
Torii Gong
Shinto Temple – “worship
hall”
Shinto Priest
Traditional Shinto Wedding
Today
Prayers, Thoughts, &
Wishes
at a Shinto Shrine
Memorials for the Unborn
Jizo Stones
Shinto Subway Shrine
Hot Sand Bath at
Takegawara Onsen, Beppu
Origins in the Nara Period (710794)
Japanese Baths
Grandma & her
grandson
Noh Theater :
8-man chorus
Noh Theater
The Play
Aoi no Ue
Noh Theater
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Traditional
Weeping
Gesture
 Woman
Heavenly-being
Demonness
 Old Man
Kabuki
Theater
An interior of a Kabuki theater.
Bunraku Puppets
Bunraku Puppets
Chanoyu : Tea
Ceremony
Tea Ceremony
Equipment
Green Tea
 A Japanese Tea Master
 A Japanese Tea House
 A Tea House Interior
 Origami : The Art of
Japanese Paper Folding
 Origami : Modern
Adaptations
 Calligraphy
 Calligraphy
 Haiku : 17-syllable
poem
Spring departs.
Birds cry
Fishes' eyes are
filled with tears.
Matsuo Basho, Master of Haiku
Ikebana : The Art of
Japanese Flower Arranging
 Tallest  Heaven
 Middle  Man
 Smallest  Earth
Bonzai : A Unique Method
of Meditation
Japanese Garden for
Meditation
Japanese Zen Garden
Japanese Sand Garden
Miniature Rock/Sand
Garden
Shinto in Modern
Furniture
Simplicity!
ARIGATO!