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Living Religions A Brief Introduction 3rd Edition Mary Pat Fisher Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Chapter 7 Shinto The roots of “Shinto” Buddhist and Confucian influences State Shinto “Sect Shinto” Shinto today Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Key terms iconoclastic kami kannagara misogi oharai tsumi Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Timeline before 6th century CE Shinto begins in pre-history as local natureand ancestor-based traditions 6th century “Shinto” name adopted 712 Kojiki compiled 720 Nihongi compiled 1600-1868 Tokugawa removal of “foreign” elements 1868 Meiji establishment of state Shinto 1945 Shinto disestablished by Allies Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Roots of “Shinto” No founder No orthodox sacred scripture No explicit ethical code Historical origins lie in the practice of individual clans worshipping a deity as their ancestor, along with worship of other unseen beings and natural forces Two major written chronicles the Kojiki and the Nihongi influenced by Buddhist, Confucian, Korean, and Chinese thought Sacred path is the proper attitude with which to live one’s life Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Kinship with Nature Natural beauty and symmetry important in Japan People organize their lives around the seasons Mount Fuji honored as an embodiment of divine power Reverence for nature expressed in the arts Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Honoring the Kami The sacred is immanent and transcendent; divine originated as one essence, which gave birth to the kami Kami are spirits that organized the material world They reside in beautiful and powerful places; may also appear in abstract forms Exist in forms of nature and in processes such as reproduction and creativity To follow kami is to bring one’s life into harmony with nature, kannagara Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Shrines More than 100,000 shrines in Japan honoring the kami Greatest number are dedicated to Inari, god of rice Earliest Shinto followers may have worshipped at sacred trees or groves Later shrines complexes are marked by gate frames, walls, or streams with bridges Visitors clap their hands, bow deeply, and try to feel the kami within their hearts Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Ceremonies and Festivals Complex ceremonies encourage the spirit of the kami to take up residence in the shrine Training for the priesthood is lengthy, open to men and women Priest’s role is to serve as experts in the performance of complex rituals Followers of Shinto may also have a shrine in the home Festivals include seasonal and life-cycle New Year’s is one of the biggest annual festivals Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Purification Impurity or misfortune (tsumi) may come through defilement of corpses, menstruation, hostility, natural catastrophes To rid oneself of impurities, Shinto prescribes ritual washing (misogi) in natural phenomena such as a waterfall or ocean Oharai, a ritual of purification where a priest waves a tree branch with white streamers, can be performed on cars an new buildings Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Buddhist and Confucian Influences Buddhism is practiced side by side with the ways called Shinto The Japanese often go to Shinto shrines for life-affirming events and to Buddhist temples for death rites Japanese Confucian scholars likened the li to the way of the kami as a means of social cohesion Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved State Shinto The 19th c. Meiji regime promoted Shinto as the spiritual foundation of government Under State Shinto, the government rather than priests administered Shinto practices Belief that the emperor was the offspring of the sun goddess After Japan’s defeat in WWII, the emperor declared himself human Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved “Sect Shinto” Longstanding tradition of women acting as shamans In 19th and 20th centuries some of these women developed their own followings Tenrikyo Oomoto Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Shinto Today Generally remains indigenous to Japan Though the Shinto ways are found in Hawaii and Japan Shinto serves as the basis for seasonal holidays in Japan Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved