Transcript spread of ideas, innovations

CULTURAL (SPATIAL) DIFFUSION
(spread of ideas, innovations) – two models
Expansion – ideas spread to new places as
different cultures adopt idea
Has “Contagious” & “Hierarchical” Subtypes
Relocation – ideas spread to new places as
culture groups migrate there
Percentage of Population That
Adopts the Idea or Innovation
Laggards
S-Curve of
Adoption of
Innovations
(non-spatial
diffusion
model)
Majority
Adopters
(early and
late)
Innovators
Time
Spatial Models of
Cultural Diffusion
Canada
England
Netherlands
Pakistan
Won 1992
India
Won 1983
Bangladesh
West Indies
(combined team)
Won 1975, 1979
Pakistani
cricketer
Sri Lanka
Won 1996
Kenya
Zimbabwe
Namibia
Australia
Won 1987,
1999, 2003
South Africa
New Zealand
Diffusion - Two related concepts
1. The two-way blending of cultures that
results from increased interaction is
called cultural convergence
2. The fusion of two distinctive cultural
traits into a unique new hybrid trait is
called syncretism
Religion: Diffusion and Landscape
Classification of Religions
Paths and Types of Diffusion
Sacred Spaces on the Landscape
Religion
systems of formal or informal worship, faith,
ritual … influences cultural landscapes –
values and attitudes, rhythms of everyday life,
calendar events, consumption of food/drink …
Classification of Religions
Universalizing: claim to the “universal truth” – seen as
applicable to all humans
Seek to convert new members; open to all people
Spread mainly by expansion diffusion (any sub-type)
Examples: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
Ethnic: associated with a particular culture; membership by
birth or identity with that ethnic group
Not evangelical (don’t actively seek to convert new members)
Spread mainly by relocation diffusion from origin area
Examples: Hinduism, Judaism, Sikhism, East Asian religions,
folk and traditional (tribal/Animist) practices
Approximate Membership of Selected Religions
(estimated number, in millions, as of 2003)
Christianity (total all forms)
2,025
Islam (total all forms)
1,215
Hinduism
820
Chinese folk religions (syncretic)
390
Buddhism (total all forms)
360
Other Asian religions (various syncretic)
125
Sikhism
25
Judaism
20
All other ethnic/tribal religions (hundreds)
Non-Religious and Atheist
265
1,100
Principal World Religions
Religious
Regions of
Lebanon
Small-scale world
religion maps fail
to show local
details
Understanding
religion regions is
key to several
current conflicts
Innovation and Diffusion of World Religions
Note hearth areas and diffusion paths of four largest religions
(contrast Hinduism to 3 universalizing religions)
Diffusion
Paths of
Christianity
Spread mainly
by hierarchical
process, then by
contagious
expansion in
Europe … then
by relocation &
expansion to
European
colonies
Diffusion Paths of Islam
Spread mainly by expansion diffusion through 17th century through
Asia, North Africa. Now world’s fastest growing religion; spread by
both expansion and relocation diffusion.
Melang, Java
Grand Mosque, Banda Aceh,
northern Sumatra
MOSQUE
STYLES IN
INDONESIA
Jepara,
southern
Sumatra
Diffusion Paths
of Different
Forms of
Buddhism
Origin in Northern
India; different
forms spread by
expansion and
hierarchical
diffusion outward;
blended in East
Asia (syncretism).
Hinduism later
reclaimed
dominance in India.
Examples of Religion on
the Cultural Landscape
Places of worship
Shrines, pilgrimage sites
Cemeteries, mausolea
Sacred spaces
Stonehenge, southern England (Druid site)
Sacred Spaces
Sites of special religious significance (experiences, events)
Hallowed grounds that are preserved across generations
For believers, places endowed with divine meaning
Paha Sapa Kin Wiyopeya Unkiyapi kte sni yelo!!
We never sold the Black Hills!!
(Lakota expression)
Cathedral at Chartres, France
Shrine at Lourdes,
southern France
MethodistCongregationalist
(Protestant) church,
southwest Quebec,
Canada
St. Basil’s
(Russian Orthodox),
Red Square, Moscow
Recoleto
Cemetery
Buenos Aires
Mid-City
Cemetery
New Orleans
Synagogue,
Jewish
quarter,
Prague
(13th century)
Jewish
cemetery,
Chicago
Temple Beth El (1973),
Bloomington Hills, Mich.
Western (Wailing) Wall,
Jerusalem
Buddhist stupa, Thailand
(Hemispherical shape is
typical, but different forms of
Buddhism use differing types
and levels of ornamentation.)
Statue of
Buddha
Hindu
temple,
Northern
India
Taj Mahal (Agra, India) –
Islamic mausoleum
Hindu cremation
ceremony, India
Friday prayers, Grand Mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia: The Hajj
Memorial Spaces
How similar to, and how different from, “sacred space”?
Memorial Spaces
Monuments, memorials, shrines, museums, and preserved
sites used to commemorate and sanctify the past
From D. Alderman (2000): “Public commemoration is a socially directed
process: before historical events and figures can be regarded as memorable,
people must judge them worthy of remembrance and have the influence to
get others to agree.”
“Places of memory make history visible and tangible. … Memorial sites shape
how we interpret and value the past.”
“Memorial landscapes are in a constant state of redefinition as governments
rise and fall, as the heritage and cultural tourism industry continues to
expand, and as marginalized populations seek public recognition.”
From O. Dwyer (2000): “The narrative content of these memorials reflects
the types of archival materials that survive, the intentions of their producers,
and contemporary politics regarding [historical events]. In turn, through
their symbolic power and the large number of visitors who travel to them,
these landscapes play a role in contemporary America’s ... politics.”