Transcript Highlights of Chinese Civilization and Local Culture 中国地方文化

Highlights of Chinese Civilization
and Local Culture
中国地方文化英语导读
00041010
School of Foreign Languages
Suzhou University
第七章
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哲学思想（Philosophy）
1、教学内容
主要了解儒家、道家及佛教等主要哲学思想及其对世界文明的影响。
讲授内容：
(1). 中国儒家思想的发展、主要内容及代表著作
(2). 中国道教思想的发展、主要内容及代表著作
(3). 佛教在中国的传播、影响及其基本教义
(4). 伊斯兰教和基督教在中国的发展和传播
2、教学要点
重点掌握儒家、道家及佛教等重要哲学思想及其对世界文明的影响。
通过观看视频和阅读，参观苏州文庙、西园寺等建筑，讨论国学在现
代文明发展中仍然具有强大功能的理由，思考并探讨儒家思想及佛教
对中国社会发展的深远意义。
Philosophy is the study of general and
fundamental problems concerning matters such
as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind,
and language. Philosophy comes from the
Greek philosophia, which literally translates to
“love of wisdom. A synonym of philosophy is
the Greek philalethia, which translates as
“love of truth.”
Main Theories of the Western
Philosophy
1. Realism and nominalism
2. Rationalism and empiricism
3. Skepticism
4. Idealism
5. Pragmatism
6. Phenomenology
7. Existentialism
8. Structuralism and post-structuralism
9. The analytic tradition
10. Moral and political philosophy
(Human nature and political legitimacy / consequentialism,
deontology, and the aretaic turn)
Plato
Aristotle
Socrate
Primitive and Ancient Religions
•Worship of nature: the sun, the moon, stars,
wind, rain, thunder, lightening, mountain, lake,
animal
•Worship of totem: dragon, phoenix
•Worship of ancestors: Emperor Yan炎帝 and
Emperor Huang黄帝, Nuwa女娲
Chinese Philosophy
It has a history of several thousand years; its
origins are often traced back to the Yi Jing (the Book
of Changes), an ancient compendium of divination,
which uses a system of 64 hexagrams to guide action.
This system is attributed to King Wen of Zhou and the
work reflects the characteristic concepts and
approaches of Chinese philosophy. The Book of
Changes evolved in stages over the next eight
centuries, but the first recorded reference is in 672 BC.
The Tao Te Ching of Lao Tzu (Lǎo zǐ) and the
Analects of Confucius both appeared around the 6th
century BC, slightly ahead of early Buddhist
philosophy in Northern India and pre-Socratic
philosophy in Ancient Greece.
Three streams of philosophical
thought
• Confucianism
• Taoism
• Buddhism
• Confucianism
human relationships
• Taoism
the life in harmony with
the nature
• Buddhism
the immortal world
Five main religions practiced in
China
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Buddhism
Taoism
Islam
Catholicism
Protestantism
Questions
• When was Buddhism introduced to China?
• Do you know the story of Buddha?
• What are the two major Chinese sects of
Buddhism that have been established in China?
• What contribution did Xuan Zang make to
Buddhism?
• Three Schools
1. Theravada
2. Mahayana
3. Vajrayana
• Five Vehicles
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2.
3.
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Human
Deva
Sravaka (Sound Hearer)
Praetyka-Buddha (Those enlightened to conditions)
Bodhisattva
Chinese Buddhism
1st Buddhist temple:
White Horse Temple in
Luo Yang
Three major schools of Buddhism in
China
• The Chinese school mainly by Han people
• The Tibetan school or Lamaism, by the
Tibetans and Mongolians
• The Theravada school by the Dai people …
Theravada / Mahayana / Vajrayana
Common Characteristics of All
Schools
1. Sakayamuni Buddha is the original and historical founder of
Buddhism.
2. The Three Universal Seals, Four Noble Truths, Eight Fold
Paths and Twelve Links of Dependent Origination are the
basic foundation to all schools of Buddhism including the
Tibetan schools of Vajrayana.
3. Three-fold training of Precepts, Meditation and Wisdom is
universal to all schools.
4. Organisation of the Buddhist teachings / Dharma into three
classications (Sutra, Vinaya and Sastra) is practised among
the Buddhist Canons of various countries.
5. All consider Buddhahood to be the highest attainment.
The major Chinese sects
•The Tiantai school
•Pure Land school
•Huayen school
•The Faxiang school
•The Chan school
•Sanlun school
Xuan Zang’s Journey to The West
• During the Tang Dynasty, the monk Xuan Zang made
a journey fraught with danger to reach India and seek
the knowledge of that land. Upon his return, he
organized a team of scholars to translate the Buddhist
scriptures, which he had brought back with him. As a
result, many of these scriptural classics which were
later lost in India have been preserved in China. In
fact, it would have been difficult for the people of
India to reconstruct their own ancient history if it had
not been for Xuan Zang’s A Record of a Journey to
the West in the Time of the Great Tang Dynasty.
Localization of Buddhism
• What are the basic teachings of Buddhism?
• When did Buddhism finally complete its
localization in China?
• What is the relationship between Buddhism
and Taoism and Confucianism?
Chinese Seated Buddha, Tang Dynasty, Hebei province, ca. 650 BC Chinese
Buddhism is of the Mahayana tradition, with popular schools today being Pure
Land and Zen.
Chinese Mahayana Buddhist monk lighting incense in a Beijing temple.
Buddhist mountains and famous temples
•Wutai Mt in Shangxi 五台山
•Putuo Mt in Zhejiang 普陀山
•Emei Mt in Sichuan
峨眉山
•Jiuhua Mt in Anhui
九华山
•White Horse Temple in Luoyang 白马寺
•Xiantong Temple in Wutai Mt 显通寺
•Famen Temple in Shanxi 法门寺
•Longhua Temple in Shanghai 龙华寺
•Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou 灵隐寺
•Jinshan Temple in Jiangsu 金山寺
•Shaolin Temple in Henan 少林寺
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Buddhist festivals (Chinese calendar)
•Buddha Bathing Festival 浴佛节,
8/4 of the lunar year
•Buddha Fulfillment Festival 腊八节 8/12
•“Ghost” Festival 盂兰盆节 15/7
•Water-splashing Festival泼水节
7th day after Qingming Festival
Unity of Three Teachings
Confusianism + Taoism + Buddhism
Three developmental stages
•Dependence phase
•Conflict phase
•Merge phase
• dependence upon the traditional Chinese
culture---Confucianism and Taoism at its early
stage;
• in conflict with the latter later on;
• to merge with the traditional Chinese culture
at its last stage.
Deep influence to the Chinese
culture
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The Chinese philosophy
The Chinese literature
the Chinese language
The Chinese art
The Chinese medicine
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Pure heart, ‘Taiji’
Poem, novels, and prose
35,000foreign words brought in
The architectural style (brick, wood, and stone
pagoda; artistic caving of grottos)
• 10 kinds of medicine and pharmacy books
translated
What is the difference between
Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism?
• Confucianists focus on the cultivation of character and humanheartedness, along with fulfilling one's duties to family and
country.
Buddhists focus on minimizing or eliminating suffering. They
try to master and reduce the desires and attachments (e.g. to
material things) that cause suffering. They are also very big on
the cultivation of compassion towards all beings that can suffer.
Philosophical Taoism focuses on achieving the perception of
reality as one great whole that we ourselves are a part of.
When we achieve this perception, we can govern ourselves
and others more easily, since we act in accordance with
Nature/Life rather than trying to force Nature/Life to become
what we want it to be.
Drinking Wine
• A Confucian, a Buddhist, and a Taoist walk
into a bar. The Confucian's etiquette finds her
ordering a glass of wine with her dinner. She
doesn't get drunk.
The Buddhist drinks moderately, heeding her
awareness, and does not become drunk.
The Taoist orders a locally grown herbal tea.
http://divinecosmos.com/index.php/videos/41-2012-enigma/374-the-2012enigma-free-full-length-documentary-film
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTE4MDgyMDYw.html
Assignment
• 讨论国学在现代文明发展中仍然具有强大
功能的理由，思考并探讨儒家思想及佛教
对中国社会发展的深远意义