Transcript chapter 6.2 and 6.3 ppt.

Section 2: Africa in an Age of
Transition
6. The Slave Trade
A. 15th century: In Southwest
Asia and Europe, African slaves had
worked as domestic servants.
B. 16th century: African slaves
were shipped to the Americas to
work on plantations – Indians had
died of diseases.
C. Growth of Slave Trade:
- 1518: First boatloads of Africans
were sent directly to Americas.
- triangular trade – Connected
Europe, Africa, and the Americas
between 16th – 19th century 10 million
African slaves were brought to the Americas
So many African slaves were brought to the
Americas because of their high death rate on
ships – known as Middle Passage - and
disease after arrival
D. Sources of Slaves:
- European first bought African slaves
from local African merchants – local
African rulers who traded slaves
viewed the trade as a source of income
– raided villages
E. Effects of Slave Trade:
- tragic effects for individuals and their
family
- led to depopulation
- deprived many communities of their
young, strong men and women
- deterioration of art and culture
- led to increased warfare in Africa
7. Political and Social Structures
A. Traditional Political Systems:
- By 16th century, a monarchy had
become the common form of government
throughout much of Africa.
- Other African kingdoms consisted of
small independent states linked together by
kinship ties and subordinated to a king
- Some lived in small political units –
authority rested in a village leader
B. Foreign Influences:
- European introduced new food
products – sweet potatoes, corn, and
peanuts.
- Influenced African religious beliefs –
Muslim beliefs become dominant
Section 3: Southeast Asia in the Era of
the Spice Trade
8. Emerging Mainland States
- 1500, Southeast Asia was relatively
stable. Kingdoms developed their own
ethic, linguistic, and cultural
characteristics.
- There were conflicts among some
states and Muslim merchants had a big
impact especially in Thailand where
Melaka became the leading power in
the region.
9. The Arrival of Europeans:
A. In 1511, Portuguese seized Melaka and soon
occupied the spice islands.
Because of Portugal lack of military power, they set up
small settlements or trading post en route to the
Spice Islands (Moluccas).
A Shift in Power:
1600s, the Dutch pushed the Portuguese and English
out of the spice trade.
The Dutch consolidated their political and military
control over the entire area; brought the island of
Java under their control – established fort there;
dominated clove trade.
Impact on the Mainland:
The mainland states were better able to resist the
Europeans than the Malay Peninsula and the
Indonesian as a distinct political entity; had strong
monarchs that resisted foreign intrusion.
10. Religious and Political Systems:
A. Between 1500 – 1800 religious
beliefs changed in Southeast Asia.
non-mainland states were being
converted to Islam and Christianity.
Mainland states Buddhism was the
dominant religion traditional beliefs
survived and influenced the new
religions
B. Four political systems evolved in Southeast Asia:
Buddhist, Javanese, Islamic, and Vietnamese
1. Buddhist – chief form of government in Burma,
Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia; king was
considered superior; king served as the link between
human society and the universe.
2. Javanese – rooted in Indian political traditions;
like Buddhist kings, Javanese rulers were believed
to have a sacred quality.
3. Islamic sultans were viewed as mortal but
possessed special qualities. They were defenders of
the faith and staffed the bureaucracy with
aristocrats.
4. Vietnamese emperor ruled by Confusion
principles. He was seen as a mortal appointed by
Heaven to rule because of his talent and virtue; also
seen as an intermediary between Heaven and Earth.