Transcript 0B.A.1 HISTORY-1DATE 08-02

Class - B.A. - I
Subject – History
Paper – A : History of India up to 1000 A.D.
• Presented by –
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Dr. Prakash Chandra Badwaya
Assistant Professor
Department of History
P.G.G.C.G
Sector -11
Chandigarh
Pin 160011
SOURCES OF ANCIENT
INDIAN HISTORY
• INTRODUCTION :-Sources are
essential for writing the history of
Ancient India.
• Literary Sources
• Archaeological Sources
Literary Sources
• Literary Sources:(1)Religious Literature
(a) Hindu Literature
(b) Buddhist Literature
(c) Jain Literature
(2) Secular Literature
(3)Sangam Literature
(4)Account Of Foreign Travelers
(1)Religious Literature
• Hindu Literature :-TheVedas
(Rigveda,Samaveda,Athravaveda,
Yajurveda),Brahamana Granth,
Upanishads and Aranyakas book for
writing history of ancient period
Buddhist Literature
1.Tri-Pitakas
(i)Viney Pitaka
(ii)Sutta Pitaka
(iii)Abhidhamma Pitaka
2.Jatakas
3.Dipavanas
4.Mahavansa
Jain Literature
• Jain Literature :-The Jain Literature are12 Angas, 12 Up-Angas, 10 prakaran, 6 Chhed
Sutra, Nandi Suttra, Anu Yoga Suttra and Mula
Suttra ,Parishishat Parva of HemChander etc.
• Bhadra Bahu Charit throws light on the life of
Chandra Gupta Maurya
(2)Secular Literature
• Secular Literature:-The ancient Indians
wrote some secular literature.
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Harsh Charita of Harsha Vardhan
Prithvi Raj Raso of Chand Bardai
Rajtarangni of Kalhana
Kumar Pala Charit of Hem Chandra
(3)Sangam Literature
Sangam Literature:The most Important sources
about South India is
Sangam Literature
(4)Account Of Foreign Travelers
Account Of Foreign Travelers:(i)Writing of Chinese(a)Fahien (399-414 A.D.)
(b)Hieun Tasng-(630-644A,D.)
Si-Yu-Ki(Records of the western world)
(c)Itsing(673-685 A.D.)
Archaeological Sources
• Archaeological SourcesArchaeological Sources are Coins, Inscriptions,
Monuments, Old Building, Temples, Weapons
Tools, Idols, Paintings, Seals and remains of
excavations etc.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
• INTRODUCTION :- In 1921-22 A.D. as a result of the
excavations made by R.D. Bannerji, Daya Ram Sahni, sir
John marshall and Mortimer wheeler at Mohanjodaro
and Harappa, a new civilization came in to Lime light,
which is known as Harppan Culture.
• MAIN CENTRES :- Harappa ( in Montgomery districts of
Pakistan) Mohenjodaro (in Larkana district of sindh
province) Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Rangpur, Lothal
(Gujarat) Kotla Nihang khan, Sanghal (Punjab) Banvali,
Mitathal (Haryana) , Alamgirpur (U.P.)
(I) Town Planning :(1)
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Roads
Drainage System
Houses of Residence
The Great Bath at Mohenjodaro
The Great Granary at Harappa
Assembly Hall
Collegiate Building OR Education center,
(II) Social life :(1)
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Diet, Dress and ornaments
Make-Up
Means of Entertainment
Condition of women
Household Articles
medicines
Education
Disposal of Dead.
(III) Economic life :(1)
(2)
(3)
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Agriculture and Rearing of Animal.
Other occupation
Trade and commerce
weights and measurements
Art and Industry
Hunting and Fishing
Use of Metals
(IV) Religious life :(1)
(2)
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worship of Mother Goddess
worship of Pashupati Nath (shiva)
worship of Animal and Tree worship
worship of water Fire and Sun
worship of Lings and yoni
Faith in magic and charms
Conclusion :- Indus valley cavitations is considered one of the most
developed cavitations of the World.
VEDIC PERIOD
• INTRODUCTION :- The word “Aryan” means nobles and of good Family.
The Aryan race is considered one of the oldest and most celebrated races
of the world. They were very fair and tall. Physically they were strong and
well-built- up. According Dr. Radha kumud mookerjee ‘The Indian History
is essentially the history of the Aryans.”
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ORIGINAL HOME OF THE ARYANS :- There are different views about the
original home of the Aryans.
Central Asian Theary-prof. max Muller, the German Scholar
Sapt-sindhu Theory-A.C. Das, Dr. Sampurnanad.
Theory of Narth pole-BalGangadhar Tilak.
Tibetan Theory-Swami Dayanand saraswati
The Austro-Hungarin Thery-Dr. P. Giles
Social, Economic, Religious and
Political Life of the Aryans
(I) Social Life :(1) Family life
(2) Position of women
(3) Ashramas System
(4) Caste System
(5) Education
(6) Diet, Dress and ornaments
(7) Means of Entertainment
(II) Economic Life :(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Rearing of Animals
Agriculture
Other occupation
Trade and commerce
(III) Religious Life :(1) worship of Nature
(2) Mode of worship
(3) Yajna and sacrifice
(4) Belief in soul
(5) Principal of karma
(6) No Image worship
(IV) Political Life :(1) king and his duties
(2) Govt. officials
(3) Sabha and samiti
(4) Judicial system
(5) Mode of warfare
Conclusion
• Vedic Civilization and Culture is considered
one of the most developed civilizations of the
world.
IV.
Republics and Kingdoms
600-321 B.C.
• INTRODUCTION :- We come to know about
monarchical and republican states of 600 B .
C., from Buddhist and Jain Text .“Bhagwati
Sutra” (Jain Text )& Angutar Nikai (Buddhist
Text ) we find 16 Mahajanapadas.
Mahajanapadas
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1.Magadha
2.Kashi
3.Kosala
4.Vajji
5.Malla
6.Vatsa
7.Kuru
8.Chedi
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9.Matsya
10.Panchala
11.ShuraSena
12.Ashmak
13.Avanti
14.Anga
15.kamboj
16.Gandhara
The rise of Magadha
• The origin and growth of Magadha is
significant in the history of India as
one of its ruler Chandra Gupta
Maurya become the first Great
emperor of India.
Jainism and Buddhisim
Introduction :- 6th Century B.c is called the period of
religious revolution in India.
(A) Teachings of Mahavir Swami
(i) Five Mahavrat
1. Satya – Truth
2. Ahimsa – Non-violence
3. Asteya – Not to receive anything which is not
Freely given
4. Aprigraha – Non-Possession of Property
5. Brahamcharya – Unmarried life
(ii) Tri Ratnas
1. True Faith
2. True knowledge
3. True action
(iii) Philosophy of karma
(iv) Moksha
(v) Fast and meditation
(vi) No belief in fod
(vii) Opposed to caste system
(viii) No belief in yajna and sacrifec
(ix) No belief in vedas and holiness of sanskrit language
Teachings of Buddhism
(i) Four Noble Truths
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Sorrows and suffering.
Causes of the Sorrows.
To get rid of Sorrow.
Way to end of Sorrow.
(ii) Eight Fold Path (Middle Path)
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Right Faith.
Right thought
Right Speech.
Right action.
True way of Living.
True effort.
Right Recollection.
Right meditation,
(iii) Moral Life
(iv) Non – violence
(v) Theory of karma of Rebirth.
(vi) Nirvana.
(vii) No – Soul Theory.
(viii) Silent about the existence of God.
(ix) No belief in yajnas and sacrifice.
(x) No belief in caste system
(xi) No belief in hard penance and Fasting
(xii) No Faith in the vedas and sanskrit.
(xiii) Challenge to the Brahmnical supermacy.
Conclusion :- Thus, Both the jainism and Buddhism gave
valuable contribution to Indian culture in
many fields.
The Mauryan Empire
(1) Introduction:- The Mauryan dynasty created great emperors like
Chandra Gupta Maurya and Ashoka and Indians are
proud of them.
(II) Conquest of Chandra Gupta Maurya
1. Conquests of Punjab -322 B.C.
2. Conquests of Magadha-321 B.C.
3. Defeat of seleucus-305 B.C.
4. Conquests of western India.
5. Conquests of south India.
6. Extent of the empire :- His empire was from Himalaya in North to
Mysore in south and from Bengal in East to sea in west.
Afghanistan and Baluchistan in North west and up to the Arabian
sea in the west.
(III) Ashoka’s Dhamma :- Ashoka Preached some ethic
principles among his subjects through his inscriptions.
These ethic principles collectively are termed as
Ahoka’s Dhamma or Dharma.
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Main principles of Dhamma
Respect of Elders.
Love with younger's.
Truth
Moral life
Self-Examination
Non-Violence
Charity
True Ceremonies.
Religious Tolerance
Karma Theory
(B) Ashoka’s Efforts to spread Dhamma :1.
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Personal Examples
Religious Tours.
Dharma Mahamatras.
Inscription.
Instructions to Government officials.
(C) Importance of Dhamma :1.
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Dharmma-vijay in place of Digvijay.
Moral life of the people
Social unity
Decline in the Number of crimes
Works of public welfare
Ashoka’s popularity.
Decline of the mauryan Empire.
(D)
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The Mauryan Administration
Civil Administration :Central Administration
The king
The council of Ministers
Prime minister
Purohit (Minister for Religious affairs)
Dowarik (Minister for Royal Palace)
Samaharta ( Finance Minister)
Sannidhata (Minister of Treasury)
Vyavaharik (Law Minister)
Dandapal (Police officer)
Senapati ( Commander – in – chief of army)
Durgapala ( Misister for Forts)
Karmantik ( Minister of Mines and Factories)
(ii ) Provincial Administration –
The names of the provinces were
1. Magadha-its capital was pataliputra
2. North –western Province Gandhara – Its Capital was Taxila.
3. Western Province Avanti :- Its capital was Ujjain.
4. Southern Province – Its Capital was Suvarnagiri.
(iii) District Adminiseration – The provinces were divided
into disricts Called “Ahara” or “vish”. Its head was called
vishpati.
(iv) Administration of cities – The administration of big cities like
patlipura, Taxila, and Ujjain was under the charge of a
“Nagar Adhyaksh”.
(v) Village Adminstration – The head of the village was
“Gramini” or “Gramik” Who was assisted by panchayat.
(vi) Financial Administration
1. Land Revenue System - 1/4 of Net Production
2. Other Sources of Income.
3. Expenditure
(Vii) Judicial System
(Viii) Spy system
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Military Administration
1. Large and Powerful Army
2. Military council.
3. Weapons of war
4. Rewards.
5. Constriction of Forts.
Kanishka and his achievements
(120 A.D. to 162 A.D.)
• Introduction:- Kanishka was the greatest and
the most celebrated ruler of kushana dynasty.
His empire extended over whole of Northern
India, Afghanistan, Baluchistan. kaniska
combined in himself the military ability of
Chandra Gupta Maurya and religious zeal of
Ashoka.
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Military Achievement of kanishka
Conquest of Magadha.
Conquest of Kashmir.
Conquest of Saka – satraps of Malwa.
War against china.
Extent of Empire.
Death of kanishka – 162 A.D.
Kanishka’s Contribution to the Growth of Buddhism
Adoption of Buddhism by kanishka.
Fourth Buddhist Council.
Necessary Reform in Buddhism
Construction of Buddhist viharas.
Sending missionaries abroad.
Growth of Mahayana
Propagation by Art and Literature.
(iii) Growth in Art,
(iv) Trade under kanishka
(V ) Education and Literature under Kanishka.
(VI) Kanishka and Economic development.
Conclusion : - Kanishka was the greatest and the
most glorious king of kushana
dynasty.
The Gupta Empire
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Achievements of Samundragupta (335 A.D. – 375
A.D.)
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Conquests of Samundragupta.
Conquests of North India.
Conquests of South India.
Conquests of Border States.
Relations with foreign power.
Ashavamedha yajna
Extent of Empire.
Achievements of Chandra Gupta – II
Vikramaditya, (375 A.D.- 414 A.D.)
• Conquests of Chandra Gupta II.
1. Conquests of Saka - Satrapas. (Malwa and
Gujarat)
2. War against vanga. (west – Bengal)
3. Conquests of vahilka.
4. Matrimonial alliances of Chandra Gupta II.
5. Extent of Empire.
Social, Economic, Cultural and
Scientific development under Guptas.
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Social life
Joint Family system
Position of women.
Ashram system
Caste system
Position of slaves.
Devdasi System.
Diet, Dress and ornaments.
Means of entertainment.
(ii) Economic Life
1. Agriculture and Rearing of Animals.
2. Other occupation
3. Guild system.
4. Trade and commerce.
(iii) Cultural and Scientific development
1. Architecture.
2. Sculpture.
3. Painting.
4. Literature.
5. Science and Technology.
IX. The Rise of Southern Kingdoms
• INTRODUCTION :- From 6thcentury A.D.
to 12 century A.D.,three main dynastiesrose to
power in South India.
• Administration under Pallavas
• Rashtrakutas
• Chalukyas
Administration under The
Pallavas
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1) Central Administration
i)Samrat(King)
Ii)Council of Ministers
Iii)Prime Minister
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IV)Defence Minister
V)Law Minister
VI)Finance Minister
VII)Foreign Minister
VIII)Agriculture Minister
Provincial Administration
• The head of a Province was
Called Prantpati (Governor)
Province was also called “
Rashtra” or “Mandala.
Local Administration
Autonomy in cities and villageAutonomy in cities and village was a unique
feature of Pallavas, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas
Administration.
Regional Kingdoms in the North
The age of Vardhanas
(I) Introduction :- In the beginning of the 7th Century A.D.,
a celebrated ruler of Vardhan Dynasty, king Harsha
Vardhan, rose to power at Thaneshwar.
(II) Historical Sousees:1. An Account of Hieun – Tsang’s Travel.
2. Banabhatta’s Harsha Charit and kadambri.
3. King Harsha’s plays – Nagananda, Priyadarshika, and
Ratnavali.
4. Copper plates of Banskhera and Madhubana.
5. A copper seal discovered at sonipat.
(III) Conquest of Harsha Vardhan (606 A.D. to 647 A.D.)
1. Conquest of kannauj
2. Conquest of Sasanka of Bengal – 620 A.D.
3. Conquest of Five pradesh - (606 A.D to 612 A.D)
4. Conquest of vallabhi (Gujrat)
5. War with pulkesin II (630 A.D.)
6. Conquest of Ganjam (Orissa) – 643 A.D.
7. Subordination of the Ruler of kamrup ( Assam)
8. Conquest of Nepal, Sindha Kashmir
9. Friendly Relations with Foreign Countries.
10. Extent of Empire.
(IV) Administration of Harsha Vardhan
(i) Central administration
1. King
2. Council of Ministers.
(ii) Provincial and local Administration.
(iii) Feudal system.
(iv) Financial Administration.
(v) Judicial system.
(vi) Military Administration.
Literary and Religious activities of
Harsha vardhan
(i) Literary works of Harsha - He wrote three plays – “Ratnavali”,
“priyadarshika” and “Nagananda”. His court poet Banabhatt wrote
Harsha chrit and Kadambri”. Diwakar and Bhartrihari” were the
Famous Scholars of royal Court.
(ii) In the Religious Field
1. Adoption of Buddhism by Harsha.
2. Patronage to Buddhism.
3. Patronage to Buddhist Universities.
4. Patronage to Buddhist Scholars.
5. Harsha’s Buddhist Assemblies.
(a) Religious Assembly of kannauj – 643 A.D.
(b) Religious Assembly of Prayag – 643 A.D.
6. Religious Tolerance – Jainism, Hinduism.
The Rajputs
(I) Origin of Rajputs – Theories of the origin of the
Rajputs1. Foreign origin theory.
2. Surya-Vanshi and Chandra-Vanshi origin Theory.
3. Agnikunda origin Theory.
4. Theory of mixed origin.
5. Hence, Majority of the historians agree with the
Rajputs were a mixed race, It may be concluded
that the Rajputs originated as a result of the
mixture of foreign and native elements.
(II) Polity or political organisation and
administration of Rajput.
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Lack of political unity.
Mutual conflicts and jealousies of the Rajput Rulers.
King – Head of the State.
Yuvaraj or crown prince.
Patrani or chief Queen.
Ministers and High officials.
(a) Maha mantri (prime minister)
(b) Senapati (commander – in- chief)
(c) Mahadandanayaka (Chief police officer)
(d) Sandhivigrahak (Foreign minister)
(e) Purohit (minister of religious affairs)
(f) Pratihar (minister of Royal palace)
7. Provincial Administration.
8. Feudal system.
9. Mode of warfare.
10. Attachment of the class.
11. Financial system.
12. Judicial system.
13 police system.
14. Military organization.
(III) Social life
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Rajputs – Brave and courageous.
Caste system
Position of women.
Honest and truthful people.
Diet, Dress and ornaments.
Slavery
Entertainment
Some social Evils – Lack of unit, Ego, sati System, child marriage. Killing
of female child.
(IV) Culture under The Rajputs –
1. Architecture and sculpture.
2. Painting.
3. Literature.
4. Education.
XI. South Indian States
• INTRODUCTION :• From 6th century A.D. to 12 century
A.D.,Chalukyas main dynasty to
power in South India.
Administration under Chalukyas
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Position of King
High Govt. Officers
i)Samrat(King)
Ii)Council of Ministers
Iii)Prime Minister
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IV)Defence Minister
V)Law Minister
VI)Finance Minister
VII)Foreign Minister
VIII)Agriculture Minister
Provincial Administration
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The head of a Province was Called
Prantpati (Governor) Province was also
called“Mandalams”.A Mandala was further
divided into Valnadus and each Valnadus had
several “Nadus” or Districts. each “Nadus”
had several “Kottams” and several Villages.
Local Administration
Autonomy in cities and villageAutonomy in cities and village was a unique
feature of Chola Administration.
Map Important Historical places