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Bell Work HW: Pre-AP: Create a Real Estate Ad for a feature of India (I will explain…) REG: Complete Workbook pages 43-45 TITLE: #29 India’s Geography WAR: Pre-AP: Analyze map on page 125. Predict how the geography of India affected early settlement. REG: Answer the map questions 1-2 on page 125. CHAPTER 5: EARLY INDIA Section 1: Geography and Early India India is a subcontinent- a large landmass that is smaller than a continent Separated from the rest of Asia by the mountains Fill in the chart provided as we discuss India’s geography instead of taking T-chart notes. Deccan Plateau Located b/w 2 mountain ranges Elevated and flat area of land Dry with few rivers Soil is good for cotton, but not for other crops. Deccan Plateau Eastern and Western Ghats Mountain chains near the coasts of India Deccan Plateau sits in b/w the two chains Wet climate Rivers rarely flood here and are dangerous for travel Eastern and Western Ghats Ganges River Flows across northern India Carries sediment to plains, making it very fertile Dangerous flooding can occur and destroy crops Ganges River Himalaya Mountains Located on India’s northern border Mount Everest is part of this chain Water from glaciers on the mountains feed many rivers Earthquakes and landslides are common Himalayas Hindu Kush Mountains Form the border b/w India and Afghanistan Not as tall as Himalayas Many parts are unliveable Has the Khyber Pass, which connects Asia to India. Was used as trade route as well as for invasion. Hindu Kush Indus River Begins in the Himalayas Gets water from melting snow from Hindu Kush mountains Flows through Pakistan and empties into Arabian Sea Carries sediment and makes soil fertile. Has some of the best farmland in the world Indus River Thar Desert Located in northern India Mostly sand and stone Has little plant and animal life Very hot Dust storms are common here No rivers Thar Desert Climate Mostly hot and humid Heavily affected by monsoons- wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons Summer- monsoons bring heavy rains from off the ocean Winter- warm and very dry as monsoon winds blow from off the mountains Bell Work HW: NONE TODAY’S TITLE: #30 Early India WAR: Read the If You Were There Paragraph on page 124 and answer this question: “Why is it important to pass on these words?” Harappan Civilization Began in Indus river valley in 3000 BC and lasted until 1500 BC Grew as farming and irrigation improved Two major early cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Houses had indoor plumbing Made pottery, jewelry, ivory objects, and cotton clothing Developed India’s first writing system, but can’t be translated No one knows why this civilization ended! Aryan Migration and Government Lived in central Asia where they raised and herded animals Farmed and raised cattle Lived in small communities with family ties Each village was governed by a raja Rajas often went to war with each other Aryan Language Developed Sanskrit- the language of ancient India Was only a spoken language at first, but was eventually written down. Is no longer spoken today, but is the root of South Asian languages Their poems and hymns were put in the Vedas, which were first memorized then written down Bell Work HW: Enjoy your break! TITLE: #31 The Caste System WAR: Complete the Analysis Skill question on page 131 about Indian society. “Why do you think priests were at the top of Indian society?” WINNERS OF MONUMENT CONTEST! 1st Period: Hannah Elberson and Zane Morrow 2nd Period: Mark Thompson 3rd Period: Keoni Stinson 4th Period: Layla Markey and Aidan DeLuca 5th Period: Abby Murdock 6th Period: Brandon Landers and Ryder Williamson We will pick a date to have lunch together. You can bring one friend. I will bring a treat! Congratulations! Section 2: Origins of Hinduism Aryan society became complex Society divided into groups mostly organized by people’s jobs There were different rules for each group SOCIAL CLASSES (Varnas) OF INDIAN SOCIETY Brahmins (priests) Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors) Vaisyas (farmers, craftspeople, traders) Sudras (laborers and nonAryans) Pariahs (Untouchables) SOCIETY IN ANCIENT INDIA Aryans helped develop the caste system: social groups that people are born into and mostly likely cannot change Castes had sutras, or rules for how you could live (marriage, types of jobs, etc.) Could not socialize with people from other castes Sets the rules for everyone’s behavior and helped Aryans stay in control Brahmanism Aryan religion was based on the Vedas, which includes hymns to the gods Aryan Brahmins wrote down their thoughts about the Vedas in collections called the Vedic texts The 1st two describe religious and secret rituals The 3rd collection is called the Upanishads Hinduism developed from this religion and a combination of other cultural ideas Hinduism Polytheistic Each god is part of the universal spirit called Brahman Everyone has a soul, or atman, inside them Your soul will eventually join with Brahman, which could take several lifetimes This process of rebirth is called reincarnation Hinduism and the Caste System When you are reborn, you take on a new physical form Your form depends upon your karma, the effects that good or bad actions have on a person’s soul People with good karma are born into higher castes and will eventually bring salvation, or moksha, freedom from rebirth Each person had a dharma, a set of spiritual duties that you must perform in your caste Hinduism helped keep the caste system alive because you had to be happy with your station! Positives and Negatives of the Caste System Positives Negatives Keeps everybody under control (Aryans love that!) Can’t socialize with other varnas Will be rewarded in your next life Can become an Untouchable if you don’t follow the rules Good karma Cruel Supports Hinduism Cannot move upward Orderly and organized You cannot change the caste you are born into Hard workers Can’t marry outside your varna (sorry Love!) Untouchables have few rights and are treated harshly Bell Work HW: Complete Study Guide. Mini-Quiz on Friday. TITLE: #33 Jainism and Sikhism WAR: Pre-AP: Read the “Linking to Today” on page 134 and answer the question on the bottom. REG- What determined how a Hindu person would be reborn? Groups React to Hinduism Some Indians did not agree with Hinduism So they looked for other religious ideas Two groups formed: the Jains and the Sikhs Jainism Based on the teachings of Mahavira who lived around 599 BC He thought Hinduism focused too much on rituals His teachings are based on 4 principles: injure no person, tell the truth, do not steal, and own no property Practice nonviolence, avoidance of violent actions Believe that everything is alive and part of the rebirth cycle Won’t harm humans, animals, or plants Are vegetarians Sikhism Based on the teachings of Guru Nanak who lived in AD 1400 Blended Hindu ideas with Islam and other religions Monotheistic- believe in one God who has no physical form Goal is to be reunited with God after death You have to meditate to find spiritual enlightenment Believe in reincarnation Teaches that people should live truthfully and treat everyone equally Pray several times a day and must wear 5 certain items every day and a turban WIO Draw a large Triple Venn Diagram like the one below on a page all by itself in your ISN. Write the statements from the worksheet in the correct sections of the diagram to compare and contrast the 3 Indian religious groups. Bell Work Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Gautama who was dissatisfied with life Why did people suffer and how could their suffering be cured? Left family and lived as a hermit Would fast (go without food) and meditate (focus on spiritual ideas) to find the answers Buddhism (cont) Realized that suffering comes from desire after meditating under a tree for several days Became known as the “Enlightened One” or Buddha Spent the rest of his life traveling around India and sharing his ideas 4 NOBLE TRUTHS Life is full of suffering People suffer b/c of desire The way to end suffering is to stop desire The only way to stop desire is to follow the Eightfold Path What are the teachings of Buddhism? Many of Buddha’s teachings reflected Hindu ideas Believed people should act morally and treat others well Need to follow the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path The Four Noble Truths Suffering is part of life Suffering comes from desire People can overcome desire and reach nirvana, a state of perfect peace People can also overcome desire by following the Eightfold Path, which leads to wisdom, enlightenment, and salvation THE EIGHTFOLD PATH Know the Noble Truths Give up worldly things and don’t harm others Tell the truth, don’t gossip Don’t commit evil acts Do rewarding work Work for good and oppose evil Keep your senses under control Practice meditation Challenging Hindu Ideas No animal sacrifice and rituals were not necessary People were responsible for own salvation Did not believe in caste system Believed in reincarnation, but to stop being born into a new life, you had to follow the Eightfold Path Untouchables and lower class Indians liked Buddha’s ideas, but some upper class like it as well How did Buddhism spread? Ideas spread throughout India An Indian king, Asoka, became Buddhist and built temples and schools He also sent missionaries, people who spread religious beliefs, to other parts of Asia Spread to places such as Central and Southeast Asia, China, Korea, and Japan and even Syria and Egypt Buddhism in Asia Buddhism split into 2 groups: Theravada: tried to follow Buddhism exactly as Buddha taught it Mahayana: interpreted Buddha’s teachings more loosely and is the larger branch Bell Work HW: TODAY’S TITLE: WAR: Section 4: Indian Empires What is the Mauryan Empire? Candragupta Maurya gained control of northern India and founded the Mauryan Empire in the 320’s BC Ruled with a spy network and a huge army Farmers paid heavy taxes for army’s protection Candragupta gave up his rule to become a Jainist monk His son continued to expand the empire to control northern and central India Who is Asoka? Grandson of Candragupta Was the strongest Mauryan ruler Extended power over most of India Converted to Buddhism and promised to NOT wage any more wars Improved people’s lives by digging wells and building roads, planted shade trees and built rest houses along roads Who is Asoka (cont) Sent Buddhist missionaries Empire began to fall apart after his death in 233 BC India divided into smaller states, which remained for another 500 years Buddhism prospered during this hard time because it offered hope Hinduism declined What is the Gupta Empire? Took over India in AD 320 The 1st emperor, Candra Gupta, conquered northern India His son, Samudra Gupta, added more territory and nearly all of the Ganges river valley Gupta rulers were Hindu and Hinduism began to increase Built Hindu temples and promoted Hindu writings and worship practices Buddhism and Jainism were supported as well What was Gupta society like? AD 375: Candra Gupta II took the throne and society reached a high point under his rule Empire continued to expand Economy strengthened People prospered Created fine works of art and literature The caste system was highly supported because it kept control How did the Gupta Empire end? Remained strong until the late AD 400’s The Huns invaded from the northwest and drained the empire of its power and wealth India divided into small states again by the mid-500’s Section 4: Indian Achievements Religious Art Reflect Hindu and Buddhist teachings Built Hindu and Buddhist temples with paintings and carvings examples: Ajanta Temple and stupas Paintings and Sculpture Paintings are clear and colorful and show us what daily and religious life was like in India Reflected Hindu and Buddhist teachings and are found in many temples Most sculpture was used for temples Sculpted kings, the Buddha, and Hindu gods Sanskrit Literature 2 religious epics: the Mahabarata and the Ramayana Wrote plays, poems, and other types of literature Most famous writer of this time was Kalidasa who wrote plays for the royal court of Candra Gupta II Other Indian writers produced a book of stories called the Panchatantra, which taught lessons Advances in Science Metalworking: ancient Indians were very skilled in metallurgy- the science of working with metal Created high-quality tools and weapons Created alloys, mixtures of two or more metals Worked with iron Built the famous Iron Pillar near Delhi and is resistant to rust The Iron Pillar at Delhi Math and Other Sciences Developed Hindu-Arabic numerals which we use in our number system today Created zero Made medicines from plants and minerals Knew how to PROTECT people from disease by using inoculation, injecting a person with a small dose of virus to help build defense against it (vaccines!) Could perform surgery What is Astronomy? Ancient Indians studied astronomy, the study of stars and planets Knew 7 of our planets in our solar system and that we revolved around the sun Knew the earth was a sphere and it rotated on its axis Could predict eclipses of the sun and moon