Transcript memory - cloudfront.net

MEMORY
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)—stage model of memory
Buffer/sensory memory—selective attention
test (Simons and Chabris) and…
George Sperling (1960)—Buffer/sensory memory
study
George Miller (1956)—short term memory
capacity study—magical number seven + or - two
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Row 7
Row 8
Chunking? (Ericson and Kintsch, 1995)
Row 1 UVAFDICDBSAI
Row 2 DVDFBIUSACIA
Baddeley & Hitch (1974)—working memory/STM
Frog Boots
Tree Bells
Horse Clock
Butterfly Book
Lizard Box
Berry Pan
Lion Rug
Bee Record
Aligator Brush
Flower Stroller
Lockhart & Craik (1990)—LTM—elaborative
rehearsal (focus on meaning of information)
Self-reference effect
Visual imagery
Primacy and recency effect?
Loftus & Collins (1975)—long term memory—
semantic memory network model
How many _____________ can you list?
True or False
“An ostrich is a bird.”
“A canary is a bird.”
reaction time measured
long-term semantic memory network model
Ebbinghaus (1885, 87)—LTM—forgetting curve study
Please note the stability of memories at end of curve.
retrieval cues exercise (Branford and Stein, 1993)
Serial position effect? Free recall? Cued recall? Recognition?
encoding specificity principle—context effect—Godden &
Baddeley (1975) with deep sea divers
state-dependent retrieval, mood-dependent retrieval, mood congruence, too
Does physical state matter? state-dependent retrieval
Eich et al. (1975): study while smoking normal or marijuana cigarette. Test words
under same or different physical condition
Brewer & Treyens (1981)—memory and schema
(organized cluster of information) study
Write down as many details as you can remember
about the office.
30 university student participants
Atypical/aschematic items—skull, bark, pliers, wine bottle,
picnic basket
Participants remember typical items not present—
telephone, books.
Roediger & McDermott (1995)
bed, rest, awake, tired, dream, wake, night,
blanket, doze, slumber, snore, pillow, peace,
yawn, drowsy
Bartlett (1932)—LTM—“The War of the Ghosts” (a Native American
legend) study
One night two young men from Egulac went down to the river to hunt seals and while they were there it
became foggy and calm. Then they heard war-cries, and they thought: "Maybe this is a war-party". They
escaped to the shore, and hid behind a log. Now canoes came up, and they heard the noise of paddles, and
saw one canoe coming up to them. There were five men in the canoe, and they said:
"What do you think? We wish to take you along. We are going up the river to make war on the people."
One of the young men said,"I have no arrows."
"Arrows are in the canoe," they said.
"I will not go along. I might be killed. My relatives do not know where I have gone. But you," he said,
turning to the other, "may go with them."
So one of the young men went, but the other returned home.
And the warriors went on up the river to a town on the other side of Kalama. The people came down to the
water and they began to fight, and many were killed. But presently the young man heard one of the
warriors say, "Quick, let us go home: that Indian has been hit." Now he thought: "Oh, they are ghosts." He
did not feel sick, but they said he had been shot.
So the canoes went back to Egulac and the young man went ashore to his house and made a fire. And he
told everybody and said: "Behold I accompanied the ghosts, and we went to fight. Many of our fellows
were killed, and many of those who attacked us were killed. They said I was hit, and I did not feel sick."
He told it all, and then he became quiet. When the sun rose he fell down. Something black came out of his
mouth. His face became contorted. The people jumped up and cried.
He was dead.
Narrative reconstruction trends? We reduce and forget details not of our cultural understanding.
Loftus and Palmer (1974)—eyewitness testimony
and misinformation (post-event information
influence) effect study
“About how fast were the cars going when they
_________ each other?”
Did you see any
broken glass?
Loftus and Pickrell (1995)—Lost-in-the-Mall
study
3 real events
1 pseudo-event
Imagination inflation of all
24 participants—6 of 24 “remembered” the
pseudoevent.
Loftus—the Bunny Effect
Implications for eyewitness testimony?
Loftus and others (1989)
Viewed burglary with hammer via film
Read account of break in with screwdriver (post event
info.)
60% report screwdriver
Tiananmen Square images study (Sacchi & others, 2007)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/0711192
13945.htm
Lampinen 2000
Jack story—performed some everyday activities, like washing his car and taking
his dog to the veterinarian for shot, some actions consistent with script (filling
bucket with soapy water, filling out vet forms) and some not part of typical script
(spraying neighbor’s kid with hose, flirting with the vet receptionist)
When tested, participants were more likely to recognize and remember atypical
actions rather than consistent actions.
Lindsay et al. (2004)
½ participants viewed first-grade class photo and read a description
of a prank that they were led to believe had occurred in first grade—
putting slime in their teacher’s desk. ½ participants just read the
description.
After a week of trying to remember the prank, 65% of the
participants, who viewed the photo, reported vivid, detailed
memories of the prank whereas 23% of participants who tried to
remember prank but did not view a school photo developed false
memories of the pseudoevent.
Flashbulb memories
Neisser and Harsch (1992)—LTM—Challenger
explosion study
Asked within 24 hours: How did you hear of the explosion?
Asked again two and a half years later
Talarico and Rubin (2003)—LTM—Sept. 11,
2001—On September 12 they gave 52 student volunteers a questionnaire about their memory
of September 11 and an ordinary event of their choosing from the preceding few days. They then
divided the volunteers into three groups, and had each group return for a follow-up questionnaire
session after a different amount of time had elapsed: 7 days, 42 days, and 224 days. In the follow-up
session they were asked the same questions about their memories about both the ordinary event
(typically this was something like a party or a sporting event) and the flashbulb memory.
“narrative reconstructions”
How reliable is memory?
But is it biological?
Karl Lashley (1920s)—rat study—cortex
Richard Thompson (1994)—rabbit study—
cerebellum
Eric Kandel (2001)—Aplysia (sea snails) with
20,000 good-sized neurons, 3 neuron circuit
Amnesia
Retrograde (the old)
Anterograde (the new)—H.M. case study (Corkin and
Milner)—damage due to frontal lobe surgery that
removed part of hippocampus
Both—Clive Wearing case study—damage to
hippocampus due to encephalitis
Infantile—language or hippocampus dependent?
Alzheimer’s (Thompson) images of 12 patients—
temporal, frontal, limbic system, brain
The brain
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Frontal lobe
Prefrontal cortex
Cerebellum