Transcript Memory
Memory You don’t know what you’ve got ‘til it’s gone Retrieval • Getting information out of long-term storage • Memories are stored in a network of related information – Retrieval cues – Priming – Context Déjà vu • Sensation of reliving a previously experienced situation State-dependent memory • Recall is aided by an emotional state that is similar to that experienced during encoding – Happy – Sad – Angry Forgetting • Inability to retrieve information – Can happen at any memory stage • Encoding failure – Information not encoded at any stage will be forgotten Anterograde amnesia • Inability to for NEW declarative memories – Failure of encoding – Due to hippocampal damage Forgetting • Storage decay – Encoded, stored memories may be lost – Forgetting curve • Less durable memories are lost most easily Retrograde amnesia • Large-scale loss of previously stored memories – Due to brain injury – Time frame of loss varies – Often temporary Retrieval failure • Some memories are not readily retrieved from storage – “Tip of the tongue” phenomenon • Interference – Proactive interference – Retroactive interference • Revision Memory is a constructive process • Schemas – New memories are fit into existing belief structures Memory is a constructive process • Memory recall is not an exact replica of original events and information – Recall is a reconstructing of memory based on: • • • • • New experience, ideas, information Alteration in the strength of some memories Interaction with others Filtering out information Filling in missing pieces Memory is a constructive process • Memory is influenced by faulty information • Misinformation effect – Loftus’s research on false memories • Imagination – We can create our own false memories Memory is a constructive process • Source amnesia - inability to recall the context in which information was learned – Misattribution Memory is a constructive process • Eyewitness recall - not as reliable as once thought! – Children’s recall – Adult recall Memory is a constructive process • Final thought: Memory is a reconstructive process and confidence is NOT correlated with accuracy!