Transcript Eich and Macaulay (2000).

Mood congruent memory:
Genuine mood or demand characteristics?
The study of Eich and Macaulay (2000):
Several studies have demonstrated mood congruent memory (e.g.,
Bower et al., 1981; Forgas & Bower, 1987). These findings have
been interpreted as an effect of genuine mood on memory.
However, Perrig and Perrig (1988) challenged this conclusion:
Their participants showed mood congruent memory when
instructed to „do as if“ they were in a particular mood. In this study,
mood congruent memory was due to demand characteristics.
Contributor
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Mood congruent memory:
Genuine mood or demand characteristics?
Question: Is mood congruent memory due to
genuine mood or demand characteristics?
Let us compare the outcomes of the studies
by Forgas & Bower, 1987) and by Perrig and
Perrig (1988):
© POSbase 2003
Mood congruent memory:
Genuine mood or demand characteristics?
Number of recalled items
9
11
10
8
9
Mood+
Mood-
7
8
7
6
6
5
5
Items+
Items+
Items-
(Mood induction
Forgas & Bower, 1987)
Items-
(Mood simulation
Perrig & Perrig, 1988)
© POSbase 2003
Mood congruent memory:
Genuine mood or demand characteristics?
Number of recalled items
9
11
10In
9
8
7
6
contrast, the effect of mood
on memory is symmetric
The effect of mood on
8
memory is asymmetric
after mood simulation:
7
after mood induction:
The effects of positive mood
6
There is a larger effect
and negative mood on
5
5
after induction of positive
memory
for emotional
words
Items+
Items-
Items+
Itemsmood
than after induction
are about the same.
of negative mood.
(Mood induction
Forgas & Bower, 1987)
(Mood simulation
Perrig & Perrig, 1988)
© POSbase 2003
Mood+
Mood-
Mood congruent memory:
Genuine mood or demand characteristics?
Eich and Macauley (2000) reasoned that authentic mood
results in asymetric effects because people in a positive
mood try to maintain their mood and therefore remember
more positive than negative items. In contrast, people in a
sad mood try to „repair“ their mood and therefore try to recall
positive materials, resulting in a less pronounced advantage
for negative materials.
When people simulate negative mood, they are not actually in
that mood; consequently, there is no need for mood repair.
© POSbase 2003
Mood congruent memory:
Genuine mood or demand characteristics?
This is what the comparison between the findings of Forgas
and Bower (1987) and Perrig and Perrig (1988) reveals.
However, the two experiments used different materials and
procedures and are thus not comparable.
Eich and Macaulay (2000) replicated one of their former
studies (Eich & Macaulay, 1994), with the only difference
that they instructed participants to simulate mood instead of
a mood induction. These two studies are comparable, as
can be seen on the next slide:
© POSbase 2003
Mood congruent memory:
Genuine mood or demand characteristics?
Number of recalled memories:
12
11
10
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
Items+
Stem+
Stem-
Items+
Items-
(Mood induction
Eich & Macaulay, 1994)
Items-
(Mood simulation
Eich & Macaulay, 2000)
© POSbase 2003
Mood congruent memory:
Genuine mood or demand characteristics?
Number of recalled memories:
12
11In
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
contrast, the effect of mood
on memory is symmetric
after mood simulation:
The effects of positive mood
and negative mood on
12
11
10
Again, the effect of mood
9 on memory is asymmetric
8
7 after mood induction:
6
There is a larger effect
5
4
after induction of positive
3
memory
for emotional
words
Items+
Items-
ItemsmoodItems+
than after induction
are about the same.
of negative mood.
(Mood induction
Eich & Macaulay, 1994)
(Mood simulation
Eich & Macaulay, 2000)
© POSbase 2003
Stem+
Stem-
Mood congruent memory:
Genuine mood or demand characteristics?
Number of recalled memories:
12
11In
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
12
11
10
Ineffect
sum,ofmood
contrast, the
moodcongruent memory
can be
on memory
is achieved
symmetricwithout9 being in a genuine
8 (1988) have shown.
mood, as Perrig and Perrig
after mood simulation:
7
However, the asymmetric mood effect
on memory after mood
6
The effects of positive mood
5
induction reveals that genuine mood
has qualitatively different
4
and negative mood on
3
effects. Moreover, Eich and Macaulay
(2000) were able
Items+
Itemsmemory
for emotional
words
Items+
Itemsto show that only genuine mood, but not simulated
are about the same.
mood leads to mood dependent memory.
(Mood induction
Eich & Macaulay, 1994)
(Mood simulation
Eich & Macaulay, 2000)
© POSbase 2003
Stem+
Stem-