Transcript Chapter 7 - RaduegePsychology

Friday, February 1, 2013
1. Chapter 7 Note-Taking
Guide
2. What is a Memory?
3. Three Types of Memories
• Learning Target: Learn
what the three types
of memories are and
understand the
differences between
them.
4. Exit Slip: Graphic Organizer
Chapter 7 Pre/Post Reading
Due Monday 2/4
(This is a MANDATORY assignment)
Monday, February 4, 2013
1. Collect Chapter 7 Pre-Post Reading
Assignment
2. Review: Write down one NEW
memory and what type you think it
is
3. Discuss the three processes of
memory
• Learning Targets:
Learn what the
three PROCESSES
of memory are.
• Learn what the
three STAGES of
memory are.
4. Discuss the three stages of memory
Chapter 7 Graphic Organizer (last page of notes)
Due Wednesday 2/6 (This is an optional assignment)
Chapter 7 Quest Friday, February 8
Tuesday, February 5, 2013
National Weatherman’s Day
1. Discuss Short-Term
Memory
2. List demonstration
3. Discuss Long-Term
Memory and Memory
Tasks
• Learning Target:
Learn what the three
STAGES of memory
are and how
information moves
from one stage to
another
Chapter 7 Graphic Organizer (last page of notes)
Due Wednesday 2/6 (This is an optional assignment)
Chapter 7 Quest Friday, February 8
Wednesday, February 6, 2013
1. Discuss types of
forgetting
2. Talk about different
ways to improve
memory
• Learning Target:
Learn about
different types of
forgetting and
tactics to improve
memory.
3. Which work best?
Chapter 7 Review
Due Friday 2/8 (This is an optional assignment)
Chapter 7 Quest Friday, February 8
Thursday, February 7, 2013
•Review Activities:
1. Card Matches
2.Gallery Walk
•Learning Target:
Review the terms
and concepts of
Memory
Chapter 7 Review
Due Friday 2/8 (This is an optional assignment)
Chapter 7 Quest
Friday, February 8
STUDY! (Use those memory aids!!)
Friday, February 6, 2013
•Collect Review worksheet
•Chapter 7 Quest
Chapter 7
Memory
Memory
•The Process by which we recollect
events, general knowledge, and skills
that we have learned
•Three kinds of memory:
1.Episodic
2.Generic
3.Procedural
1. Episodic Memory
• A memory of a specific event that was
experienced first-hand
• What you ate for dinner last night
• What you learned in class yesterday
A Flashbulb Memory is a type of episodic
memory that is remembered in great
detail and is meaningful in some way
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evj6q0
eCdd8
2. Generic Memory
• General Knowledge
• We usually don’t remember when we learned
it
• The first president of the United States
• The color of the sky
• Do you remember the day that you
learned the alphabet? Probably not
3. Procedural Memory
• Skills or Procedures that you have learned
• Swimming
• Typing
• Solving an algebraic equation
PEG is Kind!
•Procedural
•Episodic
•Generic
•Kinds of Memory!
Three Processes of
Memory
1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
1. Encoding
• The translation of information into a form in
which it can be stored
(Like typing information into a computer or
putting a letter into an empty mailbox)
The Process of Encoding:
• First we receive information through our
senses, then we convert them into codes
so that they can be mentally processed
• Visual Codes: a mental picture
• Acoustic Codes: a sequence of sounds
• Semantic Codes: represents
information in terms of its meaning
2. Storage
• Maintenance of information over a period
of time
(Like saving the information to a USB
drive or closing the mailbox with the
letter inside)
3. Retrieval
• Locating stored information and returning it
to conscious thought
(Like finding the document and opening
it up or opening the mailbox to retrieve
the letter again)
• Some information in our memory is almost
impossible to forget
(Like our own names)
Context-Dependent
Memory
• Memories that are dependent on the place
that they were originally learned
• Examples:
• Students do better on tests when they study the material
in the room where they will be tested
• Some students on a swim team were asked to memorize
lists of words while in the pool, while others memorized
them out of the water. When asked to recall the words,
there was better recall in that places that they were
learned
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1x8ZnzjdHvI
State-Dependent
Memory
• We also remember better when we are
in the same emotional state as we were
when we first learned the information
Three Stages of Memory
1. Sensory memory
2. Short-term memory
3. Long-term memory
1. Sensory Memory
• Immediate, initial recording of information as
it enters though our senses
• Icons: The mental pictures we form of visual
stimuli
• Iconic Memory: Snapshots- only last a fraction
of a second
• Eidetic Memory: Ability to remember visual
stimuli over long periods of time
(AKA Photographic memory)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8YXZTlwTAU
2. Short-Term Memory
•Place where information is held
briefly before it is stored or
forgotten
•has a limited capacity, about 7
items, and a limited duration, about
30 seconds
Short-Term Memory
•Whenever you are consciously
thinking about something, it is in
your short-term memory
•Examples:
•When you meet someone new,
and hear their name for the first
time
•Hearing the date of a test
The Primacy and
Recency Effects
Primacy Effect
Recency Effect
•Tendency to
recall the initial
items in a list
•Tendency to
recall the last
items in a list
(Cat, Apple, Ball,
Tree)
(Arrow, Flower, Key,
Shoe)
Chunking
• Organization of items into familiar/
manageable units
• Example: phone numbers
• The average person can hold a list of 7 +/- 2
items in their short-term memory
• Most people can remember 5 (like a zip
code)
• Very few can remember more than 9
The Limits of Short-Term
Memory
•Look at the list of letters that are
on the next slide for about 15
seconds. Then, try to write them
down.
XBLTSATMTVPHDX
Did anyone get that?
The Trick is…
•Since 14 letters is difficult for most
people to store in their Short-Term
Memory, chunking can be applied
here make it easier to remember
•Instead of trying to remember 14
letters, you should first chunk the
letters into a few more manageable
segments
X BLT SAT MTV PHD X
• Short-term memory is very useful, but is
only a temporary solution to the
problem of remembering
• You can remember the information just
long enough to find a way to store it in
the long term
3. Long-Term Memory
• If you want to remember something for
more than just briefly, you need to store
it in your long-term memory
• Limitless memory: our memories are
FULL of information (names, dates,
places, words, images, smells, tastes),
and seem to have no capacity
On a blank piece of paper,
Name the Seven Dwarves
Difficulty of Task
• Was the exercise easy or difficult?
• That depends on:
• Whether you like the movie
• How long ago you watched the movie
• How distracting your environment was
Now pick out the seven
dwarves from the list:
Grouchy
Sleepy
Hopeful
Dopey
Dumpy
Grumpy
Teach
Doc
Gabby
Smiley
Shy
Sniffy
Sneezy
Bashful
Snorty
Wheezy
Fearful
Jumpy
Droopy
Wishful
Pop
Cheerful
Happy
Stubby
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy,
Happy, Doc and Bashful
Did you do better on the first
or second memory exercise?
• Recall: Bringing something back to mind
by retrieving it from your memory
• Example: short answer tests
• Recognition: identifying objects/ events
that have been encountered before
• Example: multiple choice tests
• The easiest memory task
• Relearning:
Memory can be
improved with:
• Strategies to store new information in
memory:
• Maintenance rehearsal: repeating
information over and over again to
keep from forgetting it
• Elaborative rehearsal: make new
information meaningful by relating it
to something already well known
(more effective)
Memory can be
improved with:
• Drill and Practice
• How you learned the alphabet and how to count
• Relating new information to things we already
know
• “I before E, except after C”
• Make an unusual or funny association so that it will
stand out in your memory
• Mnemonic Devices: an acronym, phrase or jingle
• HOW MANY ACRONYMS DO YOU KNOW?
Mnemonic Devices
• Acronyms: single
word in which the
letters stand for
something else
Acrostics: Take the first
letter of each item and come
up with a sentence that you
can remember later
• My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas