Transcript Powerpoint

DO NOW
• What are some things that we need to
remember?
• Think of and write down three memories from
elementary school.
• Are they happy memories? Sad memories?
Memory
• The ability to remember things we have experienced,
imagined, or learned
• Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing
model
– Encoding – process of getting information into memory system
– Storage – the retention of encoded information
– Retrieval – process of getting information out of memory system
Information Processing Model
Information Processing Model
Computer
• Encoding – keyboard, mouse,
internet connection
• Storage – active/temporary
memory (RAM), permanent
memory (hard drive, solid
state drive)
• Retrieval – open files in
folders
Brain
• Encoding – senses
• Storage – short term
memory and long term
memory
• Retrieval – accessing or
recalling the memories that
have been stored
Automatic vs Effortful Processing
Automatic
• The unconscious and
effortless process of
encoding certain
information: space, time
and frequency.
• Ex: theme song to Fresh
Prince of Bel Air
Effortful
• Encoding that requires
attention and conscious
effort
• Ex: structures of the brain
ENCODING
• Visual Encoding: the
encoding of picture
images.
• Acoustic Encoding: the
encoding of sound,
especially the sounds of
words.
• Semantic Encoding: the
encoding of meaning.
Which type of encoding involves the
highest retention?
Encoding of Meaning
• Encoding information that is meaningful enhances recall
• When learning new concepts, relate it to your life.
• Psychology is about you and your behavior – should be
easy to relate to
Encoding of words
• Listen to the following ten words
• Try to remember as many as you can
• When asked to, write as many down as you
can remember
Go!
• Write them down!
Serial Position Effect
• The tendency to recall the first and last items in a
list more easily.
• Primacy effect – the ability to recall information near
the beginning of a list
– More time to rehearse
• Recency effect – the ability to recall information near
the end of a list
– Freshest info in our memory
Primacy/Recency Effect
Encoding Imagery
• Visual images easily encode
• Especially extremely positive
or negative images
• We tend to recall the high
points better than the
mundane and bad stuff
Rehearsal and Retention
Overlearning
• Continuing to rehearse even after it has
been memorized
• Rehearsing past the point of mastery
• Helps ensure information will be
available even under stress
• Study material, even after you know it!
Spacing Effect
• The tendency for distributed practice to
yield better retention than is achieved
through massed practice
Massed Practice
• Putting all rehearsal together in one
long session (cramming)
• Not as effective as distributed practice
• Do musicians or athletes use massed
practice?
Distributed Practice
• Spreading rehearsal out in several sessions
separated by period of time
• Usually enhances the recalling of the
information
• Leads to lifelong knowledge
• Quiz yourself periodically – study throughout
the unit in school
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
• German philosopher
who did pioneering
memory studies.
• Developed the
forgetting curve, also
called the “retention
curve”
Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
• DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!!
Memory Tricks – Mnemonic devices
• Acronyms: “PEMBDAS” – order of operations
• Acrostics: “Elvis’ Guitar Broke Down Friday” to
remember the notes on the lines of the scale
• Rhyming: “In fourteen hundred and ninety-two,
Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue”
• Common sayings: “Righty tighty, lefty loosey”
Chunking
Chunking - Organizing information into smaller or
meaningful units
•Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters.
Chunking - Organizing information into smaller or
meaningful units
•Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters.
Chunking - Organizing information into smaller or
meaningful units