Transcript Stages of Memory

Other Types of Memory
Things that Affect Memory
Baddeley’s
Working Memory Model
• Visuospatial sketch pad - holds visual and spatial info
• Phonological loop - holds verbal information
• Central executive - coordinates all activities of working
memory; brings new information into working memory
from sensory and long-term memory
Visuospatial
Sketch pad
Central
Executive
Phonological
Loop
Automatic vs. Effortful Processing
• Some information,
such as where you
ate dinner
yesterday, you
process
automatically.
• Other information,
such as this
chapter's
concepts, requires
effort to encode
and remember.
Types of Effortful Processing
• Maintenance Rehearsal – go over something
repeatedly till it is encoded in LTM
– Shallow level of processing (Craik & Lockhart)
• Elaborative Rehearsal – relate the info to info you
already know.
– Deeper level of processing (Craik & Lockhart)
– Self-reference effect – applies info to yourself.
– Visual imagery – vivid images you can remember.
• Levels of Processing framework – info encoded at
a deeper level will be more easily remember than
info encoded at a shallow level. How can you do
this? (See middle of page 246).
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Types of LTM
Explicit
W/ conscious recall
Semantic Memory
Episodic Memory
(General Knowledge)
(Personal Events)
Implicit
No conscious recall
Procedural Memory
(Skills and
Procedures)
Conditioning
(CC & OC
Learning)
Two Types of Explicit Memory
1. Episodic information—information about events
or “episodes”
2. Semantic information—information about facts,
general knowledge, school work
Episodic Memory
• Memory tied to your own personal experiences
• Examples:
– What month is your birthday?
– Do you like to eat caramel apples?
• Q: Why are these explicit memories?
• A: Because you can actively declare your
answers to these questions
Semantic Memory
• Memory not tied to personal events
• General facts and definitions about
the world
• Examples:
– How many tires on a car?
– What is a cloud?
– What color is a banana?
Implicit Memory
• Nondeclarative memory
• Influences your thoughts or behavior,
but does not enter consciousness
• Three subtypes
Subtypes of Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
Classical
Conditioning
Procedural
Memory
Priming
Priming
• Priming is influence of one memory on
another
• priming is implicit because it does not
depend on awareness and is automatic
• View this example from Derren Brown –
with his ad agency video – 8 min
Perceptual Priming
• Prime enhances ability to identify a test stimulus
based on its physical features
• By showing you one thing, I can influence how
you’ll see or perceive another.
• Does not work across sense modalities
• Here is a demonstration
Perceptual Priming
• Can you identify the
fragmented stimulus to
the right?
Perceptual Priming
• What if you were
shown the following
slide earlier in the
lecture?
Clustering: Hierarchical Organization
• Related items clustered together to form
categories
• Related categories clustered to form higherorder categories
• Remember list items better if list presented in
categories
– poorer recall if presented randomly
• Even if list items are random, people still
organize info in some logical pattern
Hierarchical Organization
Mammals
Dogs
German
Shepherds
Scottish
Terriers
Cats
Siamese
Calico
Semantic Network Model
• Mental links between concepts
– common properties provide basis for mental link
• Shorter path between two concepts =
stronger association in memory
• Activating one concept can spread and
activate other associations.
Semantic Network Model
See example at Human Cloud Brain
Car
Truck
Bus
Fire
House
Engine
Fire
Ambulance
Hot
Red
Stove
Rose
Apple
Cherry
Pot
Pan
Violet
Flower
Pear
Pie
How is Memory like a Computer?