Transcript Slide 1

Memory Failure
and
Settling Old Scores
Group Champion
Yasin ERYILMAZ
Harun UYSAL
M.Tahir ÖKSÜZ
Kaan GÜRBÜZ
MEMORY
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What’s Memory?
“Memory is the permanent effectiveness of
past.”
“Memory is the ability to explain past
experiences orally or behaviorally and
knowing that the event happened in the
past.”
Steps of Memory
1- Sensory-Motor Memory
Doing automatically most of things.
Ex: writing, riding, swimming.
2- Social Memory
Made up with people in the society.
3- Autistic Memory
Comes out in dream times and mental
diseases as hallucination.
Steps of Memory
Memory works by
organization of these
three steps in a
hierarchical order.
Social
Memory
Autistic Memory
Sensory-Motor Memory
Phases of Memory
RETRIEVAL
CODING
STORAGE
Calling from memory
Placing to memory
Keeping in memory
Types of Memories
There are two types of memories:
Short-Term Storage Memory
– Long-Term Storage Memory
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Short-Term Storage Memory
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It is a type of memory which keeps
information in mind less than 30 seconds.
During that time horizon, information which is
kept by sense organs goes through memory
process.
A limited amount of information is kept in
mind which is attained by cognition.
Short-Term Storage Memory
For keeping newly learnt words and names
of already met people in short-term storage
memory it is necessary to repeat them.
Example:
Napolyon couldn’t keep in mind newly met
peoples’ names, forgot quickly, had difficulties in
remembering them. For preventing that he
repeated those names silently.
Long-Term Storage Memory
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Information that is taken to long-term storage
memory is kept in mind, not forgotten for a
long time.
There is possibility to remember a person ,
object, event or word that is forgotten in the
long-term storage memory. On the contrary it
is impossible in short term storage memory.
Long-Term Storage Memory
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The scope of LTS memory is effected by
wide range of variables. Those are:
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Keeping in mind learnt material
Learning of material effectively at first
Significance of material
There shouldn’t be any negative effects of other
learnt materials.
Long-Term Storage Memory
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LTS memories can be classified in two ways:
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Nondeclarative(implicit) Memory
Declarative Memory
Long-Term Storage Memory
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Nondeclarative(implicit) Memory
1- Procedural memory
Performed without conscious thought or attention once the
procedure has been learned. (e.g. riding a bicycle)
2- Motor skill memory
Involves many of the things we do every day
(e.g. our morning grooming and breakfast rituals, driving to
work.)
3- Emotional memory
Emotionally laden events are easily retrieved.
Long-Term Storage Memory
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Declarative memory
1-Episodic memory
Connected with events that occurred in
our lives at a specific time and place.
2- Semantic memory
Deals with facts and information not
directly linked to events in our lives.
Keeping in Mind & Forgetting
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If some information is learnt well, it will be
kept in mind for a long time and better.
Factors that make easier learning and
keeping in mind are:
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Attitude
Emotional Approach
Organization of Material
Keeping in Mind & Forgetting
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
There are two types of factors that hinder
keeping in mind or make easier forgetting.
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Other occupations that interrupts learning process
and remembering.
Emotional states and attitudes.
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
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Other Occupations
After learning process, if other occupations
aren’t striven, remembering the learnt things
become more easier.
Sleeping is such an occupation.
The key terms are:
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Retroactive(Backward) Hindering
Proactive(Forward) Hindering
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
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Emotional States and Attitudes
Emotional factors in forgetting and
remembering are tried to explain by using
concepts as:
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Consciousness
Unconsciousness
Before consciousness
Pressure
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
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Emotional States and Attitudes(cont’d)
According to general learning principles,
by interference of newly and pastly learnt
things, one exerts more pressure on another
one and its effect will disappear.
Factors that Hinder Keeping in Mind
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Emotional States and Attitudes(cont’d)
Emotional affects take important role in
forgetting. If a newly met situation awakes
memory of a past unpleasant event at
person, that person will learn a new behavior
that causes to forget the initial unpleasant
event.
Memory Failure
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Memory;
a)Increasing(hypermnesia)
b)Decreasing(hypomnesia, dysmnesia,
amnesia)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)
Memory Failure(cont’d)
a)Increasing (hypermnesia):
Exceptionally exact or vivid memory,
especially as associated with certain mental
illnesses
Memory Failure(cont’d)
b)Decreasing (hypomnesia, dysmnesia,
amnesia):
Memory’s encoding, storage and retriveal of
information and past event strength has been
weaken. It is discussed that there is partly or
competely insufficiency to remembering of
information and past events
Memory Failure(cont’d)
b)Decreasing (hypomnesia, dysmnesia,
amnesia)(cont’d):
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hypomnesia: Abnormally poor memory of the
past
dysmnesia: A naturally poor or an impaired
memory
Memory Failure(cont’d)
b)Decreasing (hypomnesia, dysmnesia,
amnesia)(cont’d):
Anterograde amnesia:is a selective memory
deficit, resulting from brain injury, in which the
individual is severely impaired in learning new
information.
Retrograde amnesia: is a form of amnesia
resulting from brain injury in which the individual
loses memories for the time period just prior to the
injury.
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c) Deterioration (Paramnisia):
Defective and distorted remembering
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):
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Deja vu: "already seen."
Those who have experienced the feeling describe it
as an overwhelming sense of familiarity with
something that shouldn't be familiar at all.
Say, for example, you are traveling to England for
the first time. You are touring a cathedral, and
suddenly it seems as if you have been in that very
spot before
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):
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Jamais vu: Its the opposite of deja vu. Instead of
feeling extra familiar, thing seem totally unfamiliar.
When a person is in this state, nothing they
experience seems to have anything to do with the
past.
They might be talking to a person they know well
and suddenly that person seems totally unfamiliar. A
room in which they spend a lot of time suddenly
becomes totally novel; everything seems new
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):
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Deja Entendu: “already heard”.
Describing or involving an inexplicable
sense of having heard a sound, phrase, or
sentence prior to when it is actually being
heard
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):
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ecmnesia: Impairment of memory for recent
events with normal memory for distant events
past events are be experienced like present
time
Memory Failure(cont’d)
c)Deterioration (Paramnisia)(cont’d):
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Confabulation:
Emptiness in the memory is filled
unconsciously by imaginary stories that are
unreal but patient believes in
WHY GOOD MEMORY?
One of the attributes of a successful negatiator is a good
memory!
Because,
Poor memory is a PAIN. And it HURTS.
Recall all the situations when YOU forgot something or
someone in the past week.
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recall the frustration,
the wastage of time (yours and others),
the endless repetitions,
the disorganised state of affairs,
the feeling of loss of control
WHY GOOD MEMORY?
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Negotiators often err by allowing dramatic past
events embedded in their memory banks to
influence predictions they make during a
negotiation. Because a previous wage negotiation
ended in a strike, their thinking is dominated by the
probability that this may again happen. They could
consequently tend to be overcautious and too
accommodating.
WHY GOOD MEMORY?
Effective negotiators tend to have and to need good
memories!
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Meeting someone who apparently has a bad memory indicates that
one possibly can gain an advantage
because
If you are able to correct your counterpart or refresh his or her memory
with facts and figures shared with you in an earlier session, you will
earn a tremendous amount of credibility and power
Their command of the fact of the negotiations may be faulty
The fact that they have a poor memory should place us in
advantagous position because they may be a less effective negotiator
Remembering
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Remembering is concerning everybody.
Remembering is more important than to
remember a lyric or a phone number. If we
remember our experience about life with its
good side and bad side, than we expect our
life will go on with less pain and mistake
Remembering(cont’d)
Example Lonnie:
Lonnie has a great remembering skill. If you
watch her show you would think that she is
great but on the other hand she even doesn’t
know the difference between tall and short.
She knows Lincoln’s all popular sayings but,
she doesn’t know what they mean.
Remembering(cont’d)
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Example Lonnie(cont’d):
She has really strong “remembering” skill but
she would never be a office member or
anything in the business. If I ask “Who wants
to be a Lonnie?” than I think nobody answer
this question “yes”. So, we should have
different objectives about our life
Aims of Remembering
Our aim for remembering should have two
targets:
 to be efficient in our business life
 to help our memory activities
Memory Systems
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These systems were just like Lonnie
example. And haven’t any scientific meaning.
Herman Ebbinghaus
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He is a German scientist
Wrote a book about memory. It is the first
scientific research about remembering
He suggested natural methods not artificial
ones.
General Rules for Efficient
Remembering
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To remember in time and true, make your brain
ready and be desirous.
Give reaction to thing that you have to remember.
And focus on them with all your senses. Look at it,
speak with it and think of it.
Clean your brain and support your brain to work
properly.
Concentrate your thoughts on information that you
have collected before.
Exercises to remember better
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Why Exercise?
How to get easier an exercise?
Exercising in the morning.
Business applications.
Effect of physical situation to
reactions
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Illness, fatigue, sleeplessness and alcohol
decrease the level of reaction
Drinks like coffee, coke and tea increases
reaction in 1-4 hours. Pills like Amphetamine
and Bonzedrine increases reaction too.
Seven ways for more reliable
Memory
1.
2.
3.
Memorize very well at the beginning: This is the
best way against to wrong remembering.
Take care of remembering if they are true or not:
we should check our knowledge if they are true or
not. If they are not true, we then have to correct
them.
Take notes that will help us: we should note
important details. For example, an information that
we have to remember 1 hour later.
Seven ways for more reliable
Memory
4.
5.
6.
7.
Check your knowledge that will cause an important
decision or discussion.
Determine your desires: Try to determine your
desires and expectations truly as possible as you
can.
Check your thoughts objectively, if you fell that you
remember wrong.
Understand well subject from the beginning
What should be done when
remembering becomes hard?
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Method to foster situation, activity and spirit
Set Up and Wait method:
a- For a little while, you think on the event
and then “wheels start to turn”
b- Later, you wait for thoughts and
perceptions foster again
SETTLING OLD SCORES
IS EQUAL TO AVENGE
The Fundamental of RevengeAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
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Sources of aggressive emotions
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Instinct
Disturbance
Frustration
Uncertain ensthusiasm
CONTROLLING AGGRESSION
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Techniques for control
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Learning
Stiffening
Imitating
Provokators for aggression
MINIMIZING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS
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Catharsis
The Anxiety for Punishment and Retaliation
Self-Restraint
Alteration of Direction
SETTLING (Paying off) OLD SCORES
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Settling Old Scores is similar to the concept of
“Revenge”
Revenge consists of retaliation against a person or
group in response to perceived wrongdoing.
Although many aspects of revenge resemble or echo
the concept of making things equal, revenge usually
has a more injurious than constructive goal. The
vengeful wish to make the other side go through
what they went through or make sure they'll never be
able to do what they did again.
REASONS FOR SETTLING OLD
SCORES
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Moral insanity
Lackness of moral maturity
Lackness of personal maturity
Lackness of sublime sentiments such as
love, forgiveness, mercy, clemency
WHAT WILL HAPPEN THEN?
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The challenge will go on until one party
cowers because of anxiety or pain
The possibility for an efficient negotiation for
the parties will end and decline to zero
The challenge will set a barrier to common
agreement
PLEASE…
THINK TWICE OR MORE WHEN
AVENGING!
Be Constructive, Not Destructive!
KAAN GÜRBÜZ