Transcript Document

Introduction to Psychology
Suzy Scherf
Lecture 9: How Do We Know?
Memory
Memory - What’s it for?
Why don’t we remember everything about all our past
experiences?
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Memory - What’s it for?
Why don’t we remember everything about all our past
experiences?
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Memory - What’s it for?
For our memory systems to function efficiently we
have to forget much of our experience or ignore it all
together (ie. never encode it).
Change Blindness What’s Important for Us to Remember?
How is the Mind Organized to Think?
Cognitive Processes
• Memory
• Language
• Categorization
• Recognition
• Object knowledge
• Thinking about Minds
• Learning
• Reading
• Problem Solving
• Cognitive Heuristics
• Mathematics
Information Processing: Bottom-Up
Influences
Bottom-Up Influences Example
What’s the Mind Designed to Do?
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Too general a problem -
Information Processing: Top-Down
Influences
Top-Down Influences Example
Top-Down Influences Example
Top-Down Influences Example
Top-Down Influences Example:
Change Blindness
• If cognition were only influenced by bottom-up
processes, -
• How much of the physical stimulus do we actually
encode and remember?
• What kind of information is important for us to hold
on to for future reference?
Change Blindness What’s Important for Us to Remember?
QuickTime™ and a
Sorenson Video decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
The Organization of Cognition
• Cognitive Modules designed by Evolution =
• Triggered and influenced by environmental input =
Facts about Memory
• “Our memory is our coherence, our reason, our
feeling, even our action.” - Luis Bunuel
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Facts about Memory
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Memory Modules
Short-Term/Working Memory (1530 sec)
No Rehearsal
Long-Term Memory (years)
100
Percentage Retention
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
2
5
10
15
25
Years since learning
35
50
Long-Term Memory (years)
Implicit Memory
• Being influenced by a memory -
• Priming:
ch _ _ mu _ _
_ og _ y _ _ _
_ v _ c _ do
o _ t _ _ us
Implicit Memory
• Being influenced by a memory of a prior experience
without having conscious memory of the experience.
• Procedural:
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Explicit Memory
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Explicit Memory
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• Episodic:
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Explicit Memory
• Memory for facts and events that is available to
conscious recall
• Semantic:
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Implicit vs. Explicit Memories
Memory Performance
Practice effect •
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Memory Performance
Retention effect •
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Retention Effect
Memory as a Designed Cognitive
Module
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Modularity within the Memory Module
• Memory for food vs. memory for water
• Memory on a short-term basis vs. memory on a longterm basis
• Memory for how to do things vs. memory for facts
and events
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
Working Memory Deficits -
• Lesions to • ADHD?
D’Esposito, et al. 2000
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
Mammillary bodies - Fornix - Hippocampus
Fornix
Mammillary bodies
Hippocampus
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
Antegrade Amnesia •
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Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
Korsakof’s - can’t form new memories
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• Oliver Sack’s patient Mr. Thompson
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Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
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Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
Retrograde Amnesia •
• Usually impairment in __________ memory
• A different pathology effects _________ memory
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
Alzheimer’s Disease -
Semantic Dementia -
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
Impairments in implicit memory:
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• Involves damage to the ___________
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
Impairments in implicit memory:
Striatum = ________ + _________
Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain
Parkinson’s Disease -
Huntington’s Disease -
Memory Modularity
Even though there are separate memory modules
designed to solve problems that reflect real-world
occurrences of events..
Memory Modules also interact: