Transcript State of consciousness

Memory
liudexiang
contents
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The sensory registers
Short term memory
Long term memory
forgetting
The sensory registers
• *Memory : the ability to remember the
things that we have experienced,
imagined, and learned.
• Information-processing model: a
computerlike model used to describe the
way humans encode, store, and retrieve
information.
Information-processing model
The sensory registers
• Sensory registers: entry points for raw
information from the senses.
• Attention: the selection of some incoming
information for further processing.
Short-term memory (STM)
• *Short-term memory (STM) : Working
memory; briefly stores and processes
selected information from the sensory
registers.
Primary tasks
• Store new information
• Work on the new information
Capacity of STM
• *Chunking: the grouping of information into
meaningful units for easier handling by
short-term memory.
Encoding in STM
• We encode verbal information for storage
in STM phonological—that is, according to
how it sounds.
• Some material is stored in visual form, and
other information is retained on the basis
of its meaning.
Maintaining STM
• Rote rehearsal : retaining information in
memory simply by repeating it over and
over.
Long-term memory
• Long-term memory (LTM): The portion of
memory that is more or less permanent,
corresponding to everything we “ know .”
Capacity of LTM
• Long-term memory can store a vast
amount of information for many years.
Encoding in LTM
• Some LTM memories are codes in terms
of nonverbal images: shapes, sounds,
smells, tastes, and so on.
• Most of the information in LTM seems to
be encoded in terms of meaning.
*Serial position effect
• Serial position effect : The finding that
when asked to recall a list of unrelated
items, performance is better for the items
at the beginning and end of the list.
*The recency effect
• The recency effect occurs because the
last items that are presented are still
contained in STM and thus are available to
recall.
*The primacy effect
• The primacy effect reflects the opportunity
to rehearse the first few items in the list--increasing their likelihood of being
transferred to LTM.
Maintaining LTM
• Rote rehearsal
• Elaborative rehearsal: The linking of new
information in STM to familiar material
stored in LTM.
• Mnemonics: Techniques that make
material easier to remember.
• Schema: A set of beliefs or expectations
about something that is based on past
experience.
Improving your memory
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Develop motivation
Practice memory skills
Be confident in your ability to remember
Minimize distractions
Stay focused
Use mental imagery
Improving your memory
• Make connections between new material
and other information already stored in
your LTM
• Use retrieval cues
• Rely on more than memory alone
• Be aware that your own personal
schemata may distort your recall of events
*Types of LTM
• Episodic memory: the portion of LTM that
stores personally experienced events.
• Semantic memory: the portion of LTM that
stores general facts and information.
• Procedural memory: the portion of LTM
that stores information relating to skills,
habits, and other perceptual-motor tasks.
• Emotional memory: learned emotional
responses to various stimuli.
Explicit and implicit memory
• Explicit memory : memory for information
that we can readily express in words and
are aware of having; these memories can
be intentionally retrieved from memory.
• Implicit memory : memory for information
that we cannot readily express in words
and may not be aware of having; these
memories cannot be intentionally retrieved
from memory.
Forgetting
• *Decay theory : A theory that argues that
the passage of time causes forgetting.
• Retrograde amnesia: The ability to recall
events preceding an accident or injury, but
without loss of earlier memory.
Interference
• *Retroactive interference : the process by
which new information interfere with
information already in memory
• *Proactive interference: the process by
which information already in memory
interfere with new information
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