Transcript Periodic Table Powerpoint

Periodic Table Powerpoint
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the lightest element. It is by far the
most abundant element in the universe and
makes up about 90% of the universe by weight.
Hydrogen as water (H2O) is absolutely essential to
life and it is present in all organic compounds.
Lithium
Lithium is a Group 1 (IA) element containing just a single
valence electron (1s22s1). Group 1 elements are called
"alkali metals". Lithium is a solid only about half as dense
as water and lithium metal is the least dense metal.
Sodium
Sodium is a Group 1 element (or IA in older labeling styles).
Group 1 elements are often referred to as the "alkali metals".
The chemistry of sodium is dominated by the +1 ion Na+.
Sodium salts impart a characteristic orange/yellow color to
flames and orange street lighting is orange because of the
presence of sodium in the lamp.
Potassium
Potassium is a metal and is the seventh most
abundant and makes up about 1.5 % by weight of
the earth's crust. Potassium is an essential
constituent for plant growth and it is found in most
soils. It is also a vital element in the human diet.
Rubidium
Rubidium can be liquid at ambient temperature, but only on a hot day
given that its melting point is about 40°C. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic
element of the alkali metals group (Group 1). It is one of the most
electropositive and alkaline elements. It ignites spontaneously in air and
reacts violently with water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. As so
with all the other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury. It alloys
with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium. It colors a flame yellowishviolet.
Cesium
The metal is characterized by a spectrum containing two bright lines in
the blue (accounting for its name). It is silvery gold, soft, and ductile. It is
the most electropositive and most alkaline element. Cesium, gallium,
and mercury are the only three metals that are liquid at or around room
temperature. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and reacts with
ice at temperatures above -116°C. Cesium hydroxide is a strong base
and attacks glass.
Francium
Francium occurs as a result of α disintegration of actinium. Francium is
found in uranium minerals, and can be made artificially by bombarding
thorium with protons. It is the most unstable of the first 101 elements. The
longest lived isotope, 223Fr, a daughter of 227Ac, has a half-life of 22
minutes. This is the only isotope of francium occurring in nature, but at
most there is only 20-30 g of the element present in the earth's crust at
any one time. No weighable quantity of the element has been
prepared or isolated. There are about 20 known isotopes.
Beryllium
Beryllium is a Group 2 (IIA) element. It is a metal and has a high
melting point. At ordinary temperatures, beryllium resists
oxidation in air. Beryllium compounds are very toxic. Its ability
to scratch glass is probably due to the formation of a thin layer
of the oxide. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of
the mineral beryl, [Be3Al2(SiO3)6].
Magnesium
Magnesium is a grayish-white, fairly tough metal.
Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the
earth's crust although not found in it's elemental form. It
is a Group 2 element (Group IIA in older labeling
schemes). Group 2 elements are called alkaline earth
metals. Magnesium metal burns with a very bright light.
Calcium
Calcium as the element is a grey silvery metal. The metal is rather hard.
Calcium is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells.
Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust and
makes up more than 3% of the crust. Calcium does not occur as the
metal itself in nature and instead is found in various minerals including as
limestone, gypsum and fluorite. Stalagmites and stalactites contain
calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Calcium carbonate is the basis of the
cement industry.
Strontium
Strontium does not occur as the free element. Strontium is
softer than calcium and decomposes water more vigorously.
Freshly cut strontium has a silvery appearance, but rapidly turns
a yellowish color with the formation of the oxide. The finely
divided metal ignites spontaneously in air. Volatile strontium
salts impart an excellent crimson color to flames, and these
salts are used in pyrotechnics.
Barium
Barium is a metallic element, soft, and when pure
is silvery white like lead. The metal oxidizes very
easily and it reacts with water or alcohol. Barium is
one of the alkaline-earth metals. Small amounts of
barium compounds are used in paints and
glasses.
Radium
Pure metallic radium is brilliant white when freshly
prepared, but blackens on exposure to air,
probably due to formation of the nitride. It exhibits
luminescence, as do its salts; it decomposes in
water and is somewhat more volatile than barium.
Radium imparts a carmine red color to a flame.
Scandium
Scandium is a silvery-white metal which develops a slightly
yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. It is relatively soft,
and resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it
resembles aluminum or titanium. Scandium reacts rapidly with
many acids. Scandium is apparently a much more abundant
element in the sun and certain stars than on earth.
Yttrium
Yttrium has a silvery-metallic luster. Yttrium
turnings ignite in air. Yttrium is found in most
rare-earth minerals. Moon rocks contain
yttrium and yttrium is used as a "phosphor" to
produce the red color in television screens.
Lutetium
Pure metallic lutetium has been isolated only
in recent years and is one of the more difficult
to prepare. It can be prepared by the
reduction of anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by an
alkali or alkaline earth metal.
Lawrencium
Lawrencium is a synthetic "rare earth
metal" which does not occur in the
environment
Titanium
Titanium s a lustrous, white metal when pure.
Titanium minerals are quite common. The metal
has a low density, good strength, is easily
fabricated, and has excellent corrosion resistance.
The metal burns in air and is the only element that
burns in nitrogen. It is marvelous in fireworks.
Zirconium
Zirconium is a greyish-white lustrous metal. The finely divided metal can
ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The
solid metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent toxicity of
zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is invariably found in zirconium
ores, and the separation is difficult. Commercial grade zirconium
contains from 1 to 3% hafnium. The hafnium is removed from the
zirconium used in the nuclear power industry.
Hafnium
Most zirconium minerals contain 1 to 3% hafnium.
Hafnium is a ductile metal with a brilliant silver luster. Its
properties are influenced considerably by the impurities
of zirconium present. Of all the elements, zirconium and
hafnium are two of the most difficult to separate.
Hafnium is a Group 4 transition element.
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium is a synthetic element
that is not present in the environment
at all. It has no uses.
Vanadium
Pure vanadium is a greyish silvery metal, and is soft
and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to
alkalis, sulpheric acid, hydrochloric acid, and salt
waters. The metal oxidizes readily above 660°C to
form V2O5. Industrially, most vanadium produced
is used as an additive to improve steels.
Niobium
The name niobium was adopted officially by IUPAC in 1950, but a few
commercial producers still like to refer to it as columbium. Niobium is a
shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish tinge when
exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to
oxidize in air at high temperatures, and when handled hot must be
done so under a protective atmosphere so as to minimize oxide
production.
Tantalum
Tantalum is a greyish silver, heavy, and very hard metal. When pure, it is
ductile and can be drawn into fine wire, which can be used as a
filament for evaporating metals such as aluminum. Tantalum is almost
completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C,
and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing
the fluoride ion, and free sulfur trioxide. The element has a melting point
exceeded only by tungsten and rhenium.
Dubnium
Dubnium is a synthetic element that is
not present in the environment at all. It
has no uses.