Transcript 14.05.14 formation of limestone and limestone landscape

Layout and Revision for Summer Test
• Short Questions
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Plate Tectonics
The Rock Cycle
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Fold Mountains
• 3 Long Questions
– Physical Geography – Formation of rock type and landscape
– Regional Geography – Factors that influence
Primary/Secondary/Tertiary Activities in a Core/Peripheral Region
you have studied
– An Irish Core Region (GDA) –An Irish Peripheral Region (BMW)
– Sketch Map of a region you have studied
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Exam Question:
Homework
• Compare and Contrast the development of 2 Irish Regions
you have studied under 3 the following headings: [30 M]
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Climate
Relief and drainage
Soils
Population
Transport
Government Policy
Use comparative language to
COMPARE both region
Eg:
However.....
In comparison to....
But.....
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Exam Question:
Homework
• Contrast the development of
agriculture in 2 Irish Regions you have
studied [30 M]
Marking Scheme
2 NAMED REGIONS – 2 MARKS EACH
13 SRPS – CLIMATE, RELIEF AND DRAINAGE, MARKET, SOILS
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Sketch Map
• Draw an Outline Map of Ireland
• Show and Name the following
– One Irish Region you have studied
– One urban centre in the region
– One relief feature in the region
– One drainage feature in the region
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Physical Geography - Revision
• Sample Question
• Examine with reference to an example
you have studied the formation of one
rock type and how it produces a
distinctive landscape [30 M]
MARKING SCHEME
NAME ROCK TYPE (2 M)
FORMATION (5-6 SRPS – 2M EACH)
NAME LANDSCAPE (2M)
FORMATION OF LANDSCAPE (5-6 SRPS – 2M EACH)
OVERALL COHESION (2 M)
The Formation of Sedimentary
Rocks
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y
f4YtDlA1oQ
Sedimentary Rock – Limestone – Limestone Pavement
• One rock type which I have studied the formation of is Limestone. Limestone is
a sedimentary rock (2M)
• Formation of Limestone
• Limestone is an organically formed sedimentary rock, these are rocks which are
made up of layers composed of dead organisms (fish, shells and vegetation)
(2M)
• Each layer (strata) is deposited on a lower layer, squashing out water, minerals
and air. (2M)
• During the process of lithification – turning sediment into stone – calcite
cement squeezed from shells in the sediment glues these organic particles
together, creating distinctive sedimentary rocks (2M)
• Most Limestone in Ireland formed 300-350 million years ago when Ireland lay
close to the equator and was covered by a warm shallow sea. (2M)
• The grains are cemented together with calcium carbonate which comes from
shells. Sometimes the remains of living sea creatures are well preserved as
fossils in the rock (2M)
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One distinctive Landscape formed by Limestone Rock is a Limestone Pavement.
This is the name given to the surface of bare limestone rock example – The Burren,
Co. Clare (2M)
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The formation of a Limestone Pavement
The formation of limestone pavements began with the scouring of the limestone
by thick glaciers during the last Ice Age. The weight of the Ice removed the soil
that lay over the limestone, leaving level platforms of limestone exposed. (2M)
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Then a thick layer of boulder clay was deposited as the glacier retreated. (2M)
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As rainwater seeped into the boulder clay soil it became acidic as it absorbed
organic acids from decaying vegetation. This acidic water easily dissolved vertical
lines of weakness (joints) in the rock (2M)
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The Carbonation process* widened and deepened many fissures (Grikes) in the
limestone and left flat slabs of limestone rock known as clints alongside. (2M)
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Gradually the soil on top of the limestone washed away underground. Today we
see this exposed pavement in many areas of Ireland and Europe. (2M)
Physical Geography:
• Revision for Short Questions:
• PLATE BOUNDARIES
• EXAM PAPERS (LONG QUESTIONS – PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY) – 2007 QUESTION 1 PART B
• Volcanoes
• Exam Papers (LONG QUESTIONS – PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY) – 2008 Question 2 PART B
• Earthquakes
• Exam Papers (LONG QUESTIONS – PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY) – 2006 Question 3 PART B
PLATE BOUNDARIES
EXAM PAPERS (LONG QUESTIONS – PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY) – 2007 QUESTION 1 PART B
“Plate boundaries are zones
where crust is both created
and destroyed”.
Examine the above statement,
with reference to examples
you have studied. (30 marks)
• Marking Scheme
• Name one example of each
boundary: 2 marks + 2 marks
• Discussion re creation/destruction:
7 (6) SRPs or 6 (7) SRPs
• KEY WORDS
• Crust created at divergent
plate boundaries
• Convection currents
• Magma cools and solidifies
• Crust destroyed at
converging plate boundaries
• Heavier plate subducts
(destructing plate)
• Trench marks point of subduction
• Volcanic landforms may be
created
• Fold mountains
Volcanoes
Exam Papers (LONG QUESTIONS – PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY) – 2008 Question 2 PART B
• Explain how the study of
plate tectonics has helped
us to understand the
global distribution of
volcanoes. [30m]
• KEYWORDS
• TAKE PLACE AT
CONVERGENT,
DIVERGENT AND HOT
SPOTS
• Marking Scheme
• Global Examples: 2 marks
+ 2 marks
• Plate tectonics examined:
13 x SRPs
• PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
Earthquakes
Exam Papers (LONG QUESTIONS – PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY) – 2006 Question 3
PART B
• Explain how a study of plate
tectonics helps us
understand the occurrence
of earthquakes. (30 marks)
• Marking Scheme
• Plate tectonics examined:
12 SRPs
• Overall coherence: 6 marks
graded
• Keywords
• Plate MARGINS – JAM,
STICK, PRESSURE
• SAN ANDREAS FAULT
(PACIFIC AND NORTH
AMERICAN PLATES
• EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION
(SEISOMOLOGISTS)
• EVACUATION PLANS,
EARTHQUAKE PROF
BUILDINGS)