Transcript Chapter 2

The Large Ocean Basins
1. Indian Ocean
3. Pacific Ocean
2. Arctic Ocean
4. Southern Ocean
5. Atlantic Ocean
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Marine Iguana
What is the only place in the world this animal is found?
What ocean is this animal found in? The Pacific Ocean
The Galapagos Islands
What ocean is this animal associated with? The Arctic Ocean
What does it eat? Ringed seals
How is this animal being impacted by global warming?
It depends on sea ice to feed. It waits by breathing holes for seals to come up for air.
The decline in sea ice in the arctic, associated with global warming, has reduced the
summer feeding period for polar bears. Some bears are dying from starvation,
others are going into hibernation in poor condition due to low bodyweights.
Females in poor condition produce less offspring.
What are these animals called?
Manatees
What are these animals called?
What ocean are they found in?
Walruses
The Arctic Ocean
What are theses pictures of?
Hydrothermal vents
What is this
black smoke
composed of?
Hydrogen sulfide
The Indian Ocean: Relict Species
What is this fish?
Coelacanth
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The Antarctic
Circumpolar Current
(ACC)
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The
Southern
Ocean
What is the significance
of this current?
It isolated the Antarctic
continent from warmer
waters to the north and
is partially responsible
for the formation of
Antarctica's permanent
ice cover.
The northern boundary
is called the Antarctic
Convergence or the
Polar Front.
The Antarctic Convergence
The Polar Front is also
referred to as the
Antarctic Convergence.
These fronts act as boundaries that define zones with different temperatures,
salinities, and nutrient concentrations. They are populated with distinct communities
of plants and animals.
Large Scale Distribution of
Antarctic Krill
The Antarctic Convergence
Krill are a keystone species in
the Antarctic food web. Krill are
crustaceans with several larval
stages in their life cycle. Some of
the larval stages feed on algae that
grow on the lower surface of sea ice.
One of the factors that determines
the annual abundance of krill is the
extent of sea ice in winter. Global
warming may have significant
impacts on krill abundance.
What is this bird called?
The wandering albatross
Baleen Whales
Crabeater Seals
Leopard Seals
Adelie Penguins
Chinstrap Penguins
Gentoo Penguins
Krill – Euphausia superba
Phytoplankton
Light E
Photosynthesis
The top
predators of the
Antarctic
Peninsula are?
Seabirds and
seals
Food E
Krill
The Crabeater Seal eats primarily___________
What are the
weird looking
teeth of the
crabeater seal
used for?
They grab a mouth full
of water and krill and
then push the water
out through the gaps in
their teeth with their
tongue. Thus they are filter
feeders!
What is this organism?
A krill
Gentoo penguins feed primarily on krill in the southern part of their range.
South
North
Gentoos
Chinstraps
Adls
The distribution of Chinstrap Penguins
is intermediate between the Gentoo
Penguin in the north and the Adelie
Penguin in the south.
What ocean is the chinstrap penguin
associated with? The southern ocean
Adelie Penguins
Adelie penguins breed on shores around
the Antarctic continent, South Shetland,
South Orkney, and South Sandwich Islands.
At sea they are usually found near the edge
of the shelf-ice to the northern extent of
the pack-ice. They are a krill dependant
species.
On the western side
of the Antarctic
Peninsula the ACC
upwells and floods
onto the continental
shelf. What is the
significance of
upwelling?
Upwelling brings
nutrients from the
ocean floor to the
surface leading to
blooms of diatoms
that krill feel on.
Upwelling
Some of the larval stages of krill feed on algae that grow on the lower surface of
sea ice. One of the factors that determines the annual abundance of krill is the
extent of sea ice in winter. Along the northern half of the Antarctic Peninsula there
has been an 80% decline in krill abundance in the past 30 years attributed to a
loss of sea ice.
Why has the sea ice declined?
Global warming
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1. Inner core
2. Outer core
3. Mantle
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4. Continental
crust
Continental Versus Oceanic Crust
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Continental
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Granite
______ density
Light
Thick (20 – 50 km)
Can be old (3.8by)
Note: Density = Mass
Volume
Oceanic
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Basalt
_____ density
Dark
Thin (5 km)
Young (<200my)
What is this super continent called?
Pangaea
Principles of Plate Tectonics
 The
mid-ocean ridge
__________is
where new crust is
created.
 The
subduction zone
____________
is where crust is
destroyed.
1. Convergent plate boundary or subduction zone or trench
2. Divergent plate boundary or mid-ocean ridge
3. Convergent plate boundary or subduction zone or trench
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____________Boundary
Divergent Plate Boundary
Examples
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge
• East Pacific Rise
_____________ Boundary
Convergent plate boundary
Trenches and volcanoes are associated with subduction
zones at these boundaries
Transform plate boundary
__________ Boundaries
The _______ Fault occurs at this type of boundary
Continental Margins
1. Continental shelf
2. Continental slope
3. Abyssal plain
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Active Versus Passive Margins
1. Active margin
2. Passive margin
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Continental Versus oceanic Crust
1. Rock type?
Granite
2. Rock type?
Basalt
East Pacific Rise
Mid-Atlantic
Ridge
The Continental Shelf Off Of Los Angeles
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1. Continental shelf
2. Shelf break
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3. Continental slope
4. Abyssal plain
5. Continental rise